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23,351 results for “Comparative”
Does mast seeding shape mating time in wild boar? A comparative study
In seasonal environments, the timing of reproduction often matches with the peak of food resources. One well-known effect of global warming is an earlier phenology of resources, leading to a possible mismatch between timing of reproduction for consumers and food peak. However, global warming may also change the dynamics of food resources, such as the intensity and frequency of pulsed mast seeding. How quantitative changes in mast seeding influence the timing of reproduction of seed consumers remains unexplored. Here, we assess how yearly variation in mast seeding influences mating time in wild boar (Sus scrofa), a widespread seed consumer species. We took advantage of the intensive monitoring of both female reproduction (1,636 females) and acorn production over 6 consecutive years across 15 populations of wild boar in the wild. We found that mating time occurs earlier when acorn production increases in most but not all populations. In three out of fifteen populations, heavy females mated earlier than light ones. Our findings demonstrate that mast seeding does shape mating time in wild boar females, but differently across populations. This high plasticity of mating times in wild boar indicates that females locally adapt to environmental conditions.
"Comparable Recipes": Cooking recipes that reveal differences in the writing style depending on the writer
<p>Each of the recipes is described by more than one person for the same dish. You can see the differences in the writing style of each person and how the same person describes different recipes.</p> <p>20 dishes</p> <p>64 writers</p> <p> </p> <p>同一の調理について、複数人が記載した料理レシピがそれぞれ記載されています。記載者による書き方の違いや、同じ記載者が異なるレシピをどう記載するか、がわかります。</p> <p>20種類の調理について延べ64人の記載が公開されています。</p>
Genome content flat files for comparative genomic analysis of seadragons and relatives
<p>Seadragons are widely recognized for their derived and novel traits. Research and conservation efforts involving these unique fish species and their relatives have been hindered by a lack of genomic resources. From this project we present full, annotated genomes of leafy and weedy seadragons, which help uncover surprising features of gene family and genome architecture evolution that likely relate to extreme phenotypic traits in seadragons, pipefishes, and seahorses. These genomes are important research resources for the Syngnathidae, a diverse, morphologically exceptional group of vertebrates, and for comparative genomic study of vertebrates in general.</p>
Corresponding spreadsheet to the Paper 'Comparative analysis of pre-Covid19 child immunization rates across 30 European countries and identification of underlying positive societal and system influences'
<p>This study provides a macro-level societal and health system focused analysis of child vaccination rates in 30 European countries, exploring the effect of context on coverage. The importance of demography and health system attributes on health care delivery are recognized in other fields, but generally overlooked in vaccination. The analysis is based on correlating systematic data built up by the Models of Child Health Appraised (MOCHA) Project with data from international sources, so as to exploit a one-off opportunity to set the analysis within an overall integrated study of primary care services for children, and the learning opportunities of the ‘natural European laboratory’. The descriptive analysis shows an overall persistent variation of coverage across vaccines with no specific vaccination having a low rate in all the EU and EEA countries. However, contrasting with this, variation between total uptake per vaccine across Europe suggests that the challenge of low rates is related to country contexts of either policy, delivery, or public perceptions. Econometric analysis aiming to explore whether some population, policy and/or health system characteristics may influence vaccination uptake provides important results - GDP per capita and the level of the population’s higher education engagement are positively linked with higher vaccination coverage, whereas mandatory vaccination policy is related to lower uptake rates. The health system characteristics that have a significant positive effect are a cohesive management structure; a high nurse/doctor ratio; and use of practical care delivery reinforcements such as the home-based record and the presence of child components of e‑health strategies.</p>
Comparing conservation and animal welfare professionals' perspectives on domestic cat management (data and scripts)
<p>This repository contains the final datasets and R scripts to run the analyses and create the plots in the main text of this publication.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Between the Cape Fold Mountains and the deep blue sea: comparative phylogeography of selected codistributed ectotherms reveals asynchronous cladogenesis. Sampling locations and MaxEnt input files
<p><span>We compare the phylogeographic structure of thirteen codistributed ectotherms including four reptiles (a snake, a legless skink and two tortoise species) and nine invertebrates (six freshwater crabs and three velvet worm species) to test the presence of congruent evolutionary histories. </span><span>Phylogenies were estimated and dated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence datasets. </span><span>All taxa demonstrated a marked east/west phylogeographic division, separated by the Cape Fold Mountain range.</span><span> <span>Phylogeographic concordance factors were calculated to assess the degree of evolutionary congruence among the study species and </span></span><span>generally supported a shared pattern of diversification along the east/west longitudinal axis</span><span>. Testing simultaneous divergence between the eastern and western phylogeographic regions indicated </span><span>pseudo-congruent evolutionary histories among the study taxa, with at least three separate divergence events throughout the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene epochs.</span><span> <span>Climatic refugia were identified for each species using climatic niche modeling, </span></span><span>demonstrating taxon-specific responses to climatic fluctuations. Climate and the Cape Fold Mountain barrier explained the highest proportion of genetic diversity in all taxa, while climate was the most significant individual abiotic variable. </span><span>This study highlights the complex interactions between the Cape Fold Mountains and past climatic oscillations during the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene. The congruent east/west phylogeographic division observed in all taxa lends support to the conclusion that the longitudinal climatic gradient within the Greater Cape Floristic Region, mediated in part by the barrier to dispersal posed by the Cape Fold Mountains, plays a major role in lineage diversification and population differentiation.</span></p>
Umbrella review data of colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables, compared to placebo or low intakes, on human health outcomes relevant to public health
<p>This dataset comprises data extracted from 86 publications included in an umbrella review which compared the effect of colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains and chlorophyll) on human health outcomes relevant to public health. Meta-analysed data from 83 systematic literature reviews were available for 17 different bioactive pigments spanning all colours of fruit and vegetables except green, with additional data from two randomised controlled trials and one cohort study for chlorophyll. This dataset represents 2,847 original research studies and data from over 37 million participants. There were 449 meta-analysed health outcomes extracted from the 83 systematic literature reviews. Extracted health outcomes were categorised according to pigment, comparator type, broad health outcome, study design, age group, source of pigment, risk of bias, and confidence in the estimated effect. Data extracted were dose, intervention duration, sample size, number of original studies, effect estimate, 95% confidence intervals, I2 statistics, publication bias and p-value. Rigorous analysis, including estimations of a common effect size, stratification of the evidence, study level sensitivity analyses and reporting on heterogeneity and potential biases, may be carried out using these data, to further evaluate the effect of colour-associated bioactive pigments in fruit and vegetables on human health.</p>
Data from: Comparative host-pathogen associations of Snake Fungal Disease in sympatric species of water snakes (Nerodia)
<p>The ascomycete fungus <em>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</em> (<em>Oo</em>) is the causative agent of ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease), which has been detected globally. However, surveillance efforts in the central U.S., specifically Texas, have been minimal. The threatened and rare Brazos water snake (<em>Nerodia harteri harteri</em>) is one of the most range restricted snakes in the U.S. and is sympatric with two wide-ranging congeners, <em>N. erythrogaster transversa</em> and <em>N. rhombifer</em>, in north central Texas; thus, providing an opportunity to test comparative host-pathogen associations in this system. To accomplish this, we surveyed a portion of the Brazos river drainage (~400 river km) over 29 months and tested 150 Nerodia individuals for the presence of <em>Oo </em>via quantitative PCR and recorded any potential signs of <em>Oo </em>infection. We found <em>Oo </em>was distributed across the entire range of <em>N. h. harteri,</em> <em>Oo</em> prevalence was 46% overall, and there was a significant association between <em>Oo </em>occurrence and signs of infection in our sample. Models indicated adults had a higher probability of <em>Oo </em>infection than juveniles and subadults, and adult <em>N. h. harteri</em> had a higher probability of infection than adult <em>N. rhombifer</em> but not higher than adult <em>N. e. transversa</em>. High <em>Oo </em>prevalence estimates (94.4%) in adult <em>N. h. harteri </em>has implications for their conservation and management owing to their patchy distribution, comparatively low genetic diversity, and threats from anthropogenic habitat modification.</p>
Dataset of paper "Comparing the efficiency of solar water treatment: CPC vs PV-LED photoreactors"
<p>Dataset of paper "Improving the efficiency of solar water treatment: CPC vs PV-LED photoreactors":</p> <ul> <li>Relative spectral power of UVC, UVA LED and solar spectrum.</li> <li>Incident radiation measured by ferrioxalate actinometry for the UVC LED and UVA LED sources.</li> <li>Solar UV cumulative incident radiation measured by ferrioxalate actinometry in the CPC reactor versus cumulative incident radiation measured by a radiometer.</li> <li>Instant power generated by the solar PV panel as a function of the UV instant incident radiation measured in the radiometer.</li> <li>Zero-order kinetic constant for methanol oxidation by the studied solar driven photochemical processes calculated as a function of (a) time (b) photons (c) energy consumption (d) solar UV radiation and (e) equipment cost.</li> <li>First-order kinetic constant for <em>E.coli</em> inactivation by the studied solar driven photochemical processes calculated as a function of (a) time (b) photons (c) energy consumption (d) solar UV radiation and (e) equipment cost.</li> </ul>
Comparing Storm Resolving Models and Climates via Unsupervised Machine Learning
<p>Storm-resolving climate models (SRMs) have gained international interest for their unprecedented detail with which they globally resolve convection. However, this high resolution also makes it difficult to quantify the emergent differences or similarities among complex atmospheric formations induced by different parameterizations of sub-grid information. This paper uses modern unsupervised machine learning methods to analyze and intercompare SRMs based on their high-dimensional simulation data, learning low-dimensional latent representations and assessing model similarities based on these representations. To quantify such inter-SRM ``distribution shifts'', we use variational autoencoders in conjunction with vector quantization. Our analysis involving nine different global SRMs reveals that only six of them are aligned in their representation of atmospheric dynamics. Our analysis furthermore reveals regional and planetary signatures of the convective response to global warming in a fully unsupervised, data-driven way. In particular, this approach can help elucidate the effects of climate change on rare convection types, such as ``Green Cumuli''. Our study provides a path toward evaluating future high-resolution global climate simulation data more objectively and with less human intervention than has historically been needed.</p>
Additional Figures for winning models for sample in A Comparative L-dwarf Sample Exploring the Interplay Between Atmospheric Assumptions and Data Properties
<p>Additional Figures for winning models for sample in <em>A Comparative L-dwarf Sample Exploring the Interplay Between Atmospheric Assumptions and Data Properties (<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.02754.pdf">https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.02754.pdf</a>).</em></p> <p>Model naming key: NC = cloud-free, d2_89 = power-law deck cloud</p> <p>SDSS J1416+1348A: Winning model: power-law deck cloud</p> <p>Spectral Type Comparison J1526+2043 Winning model: Cloud-free</p> <p>Temperature Comparisons</p> <p>J1539-0520 Winning model: Power-law deck cloud and cloud-free tied.</p> <p>J0539-0059 Winning model: Power-law deck cloud and cloud-free tied. </p> <p><br> </p>
Comparing mixed models and Random Forest association tests using naturalGWAS and a Striped Bass SNP dataset
<p>In this study, we used the phenotype simulation package naturalGWAS to test the performance of Zhao's Random Forest method in comparison to an uncorrected Random Forest test, latent factor mixed models (LFMM), genome-wide efficient mixed models (GEMMA), and confounder adjusted linear regression (CATE). We created 400 sets of phenotypes, corresponding to five effect sizes and 2, 5, 15, or 30 causal loci, simulated from two empirical datasets containing SNPs from Striped Bass representing three and 13 populations. All association methods were evaluated for their ability to detect genotype-phenotype associations based on power, false discovery rates, and number of false positives. Genomic inflation was highest for uncorrected Random Forest and LFMM tests and lowest for Gemma and Zhao's Random Forest. All association tests had similar power to detect causal loci, and Zhao's Random Forest had the lowest false discovery rate in all scenarios. To measure the performance of association tests in small datasets with few loci surrounding a causal gene we also ran analyses again after removing causal loci from each dataset. All association tests were only able to find true positives, defined as loci located within 30k bp of a causal locus, in 3%–18% of simulations. In contrast, at least one false positive was found in 17%–44% of simulations. Zhao's Random Forest again identified the fewest false positives of all association tests studied. The ability to test the power of association tests for individual empirical datasets can be an extremely useful first step when designing a GWAS study.</p>
Comparative efficacy of GS-Hv1a against invasive tropical tephritids
<p>Invasive tephritid fruit flies collectively pose a significant economic challenge to agricultural pest management globally. Insecticide resistance to a number of previously effective chemical classes has increased the risk these pests pose as management options become limited. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel class of peptide-based biorational insecticides containing the active ingredient, GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (Hv1a), against four of tephritid species, oriental fruit fly (<em>Bactrocera dorsalis</em>), melon fly (<em>Zeugodacus cucurbitae</em>), Mediterranean fruit fly (<em>Ceratitis capitata</em>, "Medfly"), and Malaysian fruit fly (<em>B. latrifrons</em>). This assessment aimed to determine whether Hv1a has the potential for effective management of tropical tephritids, particularly in regions where insecticide resistance has developed to other products. We conducted two sets of screening assays with different methods of exposure, oral and topical, and compared survival over time in response to increasing concentrations of Hv1a up to 3.86 mg/ml. We found that efficacy was species dependent: <em>Ceratitis capitata </em>was susceptible following topical exposure, while the other species of fruit fly were not. While Medfly was susceptible following oral ingestions as well, the dose required to achieve mortality was greater than topical. We observed that mortality continued to decline up to 72 hours after exposure, indicating a delayed effect similar to other reduced-risk insecticidal products such as fipronil. For this reason, Hv1a may be useful as a horizontal transfer tool in conjunction with <em>C. capitata</em> male pheromone lures.</p>
Bumblebees retrieve only the ordinal ranking of foraging options when comparing memories obtained in distinct settings
<p><span>Are animals' preferences determined by absolute memories for options (e.g. reward sizes) or by their remembered ranking (better/worse)? The only studies examining this question suggest humans and starlings utilise memories for both absolute and relative information. We show that bumblebees' learned preferences are based only on memories of ordinal comparisons. A series of experiments showed that after learning to discriminate pairs of different flowers by sucrose concentration, bumblebees preferred flowers (in novel pairings) with 1) higher ranking over equal absolute reward, 2) higher ranking over higher absolute reward, and 3) identical qualitative ranking but different quantitative ranking equally. Bumblebees used absolute information in order to rank different flowers. However, additional experiments revealed that, even when ranking information was absent (i.e. bees learned one flower at a time), memories for absolute information were lost or could no longer be retrieved after at most one hour. Our results illuminate a divergent mechanism for bees (compared to starlings and humans) of learned preferences that may have arisen from different adaptations to their natural environment.</span></p>
Greater functional similarity in mobile compared to sessile assemblages colonizing artificial coastal habitats
<p><span>Among anthropogenic habitats built in the marine environment, floating and non-floating structures can be colonized by distinct assemblages. However, there is little knowledge whether these differences are also reflected in the functional structure. This study compared the functional diversity of sessile and mobile invertebrate assemblages that settle over 3 months on floating vs. non-floating artificial habitats, in two Chilean ports. Using morphological, trophic, behavioral, and life history traits, we found differences between mobile and sessile assemblages regarding the effect of the type of habitat on the functional diversity. Compared to sessile assemblages, a greater functional similarity was observed for mobile assemblages, which suggests that their dispersal capacity enables them to balance the reduced connectivity between settlement structures. No traits, prevailing or selected in one or the other habitat type, were however clearly identified; a result warranting further studies focusing on more advanced stages of community</span><span> development.</span></p>
Comparative observational study of gastric content in women scheduled for caesarean section or operative hysteroscopy: The ECHOCESAR study
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><em><span>Objective:</span></em><span> There is a large literature concerning the estimation of gastric content in third-trimester pregnant women but their conclusions remain contradictory. Our objective was to compare gastric content in pr</span><span>egnant women and in non-pregnant ones using gastric ultrasound. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Design: </span></em><span>An observational two centres study was designed.</span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><em><span>Methods:</span></em><span> The antral cross-sectional area (CSA) in the semi-recumbent position (SRP), primary outcome, and in the right lateral position (RLD) were measured in pregnant women scheduled for a caesarean section (CS group) or non-pregnant women who underwent hysteroscopy (HS group) just before surgery. Perlas' score was also evaluated.</span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><em><span>Results:</span></em><span> One hundred and twenty-six patients were analysed, 61 patients in the CS group and 65 in the HS group. Antral CSA, measured in the SRP, was greater in the CS group than in the HS group (350 mm2 [236 - 415] vs 247 mm2 [180 - 318]; (P=0.001). This difference remained significant when the analysis was adjusted for fasting duration (P<0.001) or anxiety (P=0.001) or both (P<0.001). Among secondary outcomes, Perlas scores did not differ between groups (P=0.860). Concordance between antral CSA, categorised as corresponding to an empty or full stomach, and Perlas score was very poor.</span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><em><span>Conclusions: </span></em><span>Our results bring arguments to consider that individuals among pregnant women could have a delayed gastric emptying and support performing a gastric ultrasound in term pregnant patients prior to general anaesthesia.</span></p>
Comparative phylogeography of two commensal rat species (Rattus tanezumi and R. norvegicus) in China: Insights from mitochondiral DNA, microsatellite and RADseq
<p><em><span>Rattus norvegicus</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>Rattus tanezumi</span></em><span> are dominant species of Chinese house rats, but the colonization and demographic history of two species in China have not been thoroughly explored.</span><span> Phylogenetic analyses with mitochondrial DNA including 486 individuals from 31 localities revealed that </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>norvegicus</em></span><span> is widely distributed in China, </span><span>R. <em>tanezumi</em></span><span> is mainly distributed in southern China with currently invading northward; northeast China was the natal region of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>norvegicus</em></span><span>, while the spread of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>tanezumi</em></span><span> in China most likely started from the southeast coast. A total of 123 individuals from 18 localities were subjected to 2b‐RAD analyses. In the neighbor‐joining tree, individuals of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>tanezumi</em></span><span> grouped into geographic‐specific branches, and populations from the southeast coast were ancestral groups, which confirmed the colonization route from the southeast coast to central and western China. However, individuals of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>norvegicus</em></span><span> were generally grouped into two clusters instead of geographic‐specific branches. One cluster comprised inland populations, and another cluster included both southeast coast and inland populations, which indicated that the spread history of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>norvegicus</em></span><span> in China was complex; in addition to on‐land colonization, shipping transportation also played a great role. ADMIXTURE and principal component analyses provided further supports for the colonization history. Demographic analyses revealed that climate changes at ~40,000 to 18,000 years ago and ~4000 years ago had led to population declines of both species; the </span><span>R<em>.</em> <em>norvegicus</em></span><span> declined rapidly while the population of </span><span><em>R</em>. <em>tanezumi</em></span><span> continuously expanded since ~1500 years ago, indicating the importance of interspecies' competition in their population size changes. Our study provided a valuable framework for further investigation of phylogeography of two species in China.</span></p>
Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of Sanguisorba species and insights into phylogenetic implications and molecular dating
<pre class="js_message_plain ng-binding"><em>Sanguisorba</em> is a small genus, which consists of about 15 species widely distributed in North America and Eurasia. Previous studies on <em>Sanguisorba</em> are useful for understanding of phylogeny and chloroplast (cp) genome evolution of <em>Sanguisorba</em>. However, the cp genome resources of <em>Sanguisorba</em> are still limited, and the phylogeny and molecular dating for <em>Sanguisorba</em> and its relatives still need further explored. Here, we reported four cp genomes of <em>Sanguisorba</em> and conducted comparative analysis of the four <em>Sanguisorba</em> cp genomes plus five previously published ones. The nine cp genomes of <em>Sanguisorba</em> have typical tetrad quadripartite structure, with a total length of 154 282 to 155 730 bp, and their gene content, gene structure, and gene order are relatively conservative. The analysis of single copy (SC)/inverted repeat (IR) boundaries shows very slight boundary differences in <em>Sanguisorba</em> cp genomes. Eight variation hotspots were screened as excellent candidate markers of <em>Sanguisorba</em>. Phylogenetic analysis indicated <em>Sanguisorba</em> was monophyletic and was a member of tribe Agrimonieae subtribe Sanguisorbinae. Within <em>Sanguisorba</em>, <em>S. filiformis</em> is a sister group of six other taxa in the present sampling. Estimation of the divergence times indicated that subtribes Agrimoniinae and Sanguisorbinae diverged at the transition between the Oligocene and the Miocene, and divergent times of Agrimonieae genera ranged from the late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene. This study enriches the available cp genome resources of <em>Sanguisorba</em>, and it is of great significance to further study the phylogeny and evolution of <em>Sanguisorba</em> and its relatives.</pre>
Dataset for use with "Technology standards vs. carbon taxes: comparing emissions reductions and system costs for US decarbonization"
<p>This sqlite file contains the input data and results used in "Technology standards vs. carbon taxes: comparing emissions reductions and system costs for US decarbonization." The file is a version of the nine region Open Energy Outlook database for use with the Temoa model. The database is continually updated. Updated versions can be found in the Temoa GitHub repository, https://github.com/TemoaProject/oeo.</p>
Figure 10 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia
Figure 10. Comparison between the dorsal lateral line pattern in the larger and smaller species of the genus (A) P. pipa and (B) P. myersi. Nomenclature as follows: lo.lat. = lower-lateral line; mid. = middle line; mid.lat. = middle lateral line; oc. = occipital; p.o. = posterior ocular. Black dots represent neuromasts.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.