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Fig. 15 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Endemic Malagasy Genus Ptychochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with the Description of Five New Species and a Diagnosis for Katria, New Genus

Fig. 15. Ptychochromis loisellei, new species, holotype, AMNH 232462, 99.5 mm SL, northeastern Madagascar, Antalaha Province, north of Sambava, Mahanara River at Antsirabe-Nord. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Drawing by Ian Hart.

Fig. 6 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography

Fig. 6. Borneo map showing possible Pleistocene rainforest refuges (yellow and orange) and the modern distribution of Copsychus stricklandii (orange).

Fig. 5 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography

Fig. 5. ND2 phylogeographic tree and haplotype network of Blacknaped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) populations. A, Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree. Numbers by branches are bootstrap support (70% and above). B, Haplotype network. Circle size indicates proportion of individuals with a given haplotype, and cross hatches indicate nucleotide changes (larger numbers of changes are noted in square boxes).

Fig. 2 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography

Fig. 2. Distribution (dark areas) of the three species or species groups whose Maratua populations were examined in this study (Collar, 2005; Fishpool & Tobias, 2005; Coates et al., 2006). In (B), the distribution of Copsychus stricklandii stricklandii in northeast Borneo is indicated in black.

Fig. 3 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography

Fig. 3. ND2 phylogeographic tree and haplotype network of populations of White-rumped Shama, Copsychus malabaricus (top figure), and White-crowned Shama, C. stricklandii (bottom two figures). A, Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree. Numbers by branches are bootstrap support (70% and above). Labels are specimen numbers; B, Haplotype network. Circle size indicates proportion of individuals with a given haplotype, and cross hatches indicate nucleotide changes (larger numbers of changes are noted in square boxes).

Fig. 1 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography

Fig. 1. Location of Maratua Island off the east coast of Borneo (inset). Bathymetric contours are, from shallowest to deepest, -40 m, -120 m, and -200 m. Water depth data are from GEBCO One Minute Grid—a global one arc-minute grid; data updated in 2008 (http:// www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/). Inset from www.maps-for-free.com.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure 4. Biogeographical hypothesis of the evolutionary history of the African Biomphalaria species. A, Pliocene– Pleistocene dispersal of a Biomphalaria glabrata-like snail into western Africa where the ancestral African Biomphalaria evolved, probably similar to Biomphalaria camerunensis/Biomphalaria pfeifferi. B. pfeifferi colonized most of the sub- Saharan continent. The ancestral African Biomphalaria or a B. camerunensis/B. pfeifferi-like stock migrated to East Africa and evolved into a Biomphalaria angulosa-like species, which is ancestral to the choanomphala-group snails. Within this species group the Ugandan Biomphalaria sudanica and Biomphalaria alexandrina evolved with B. alexandrina subsequently migrating along the River Nile to eastern North Africa. The river Nile and the surrounding region is indicated in the small inset.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure 3. Consensus cladogram resulting from the parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of the combined matrix (16S, cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI, and internal transcribed spacer I, ITS1). maximum-parsimony (MP) bootstrap values greater than 50% are positioned below the nodes, and the posterior probabilities from the Bayesian inference analysis are placed above the nodes. Species icons represent the typical morphology of the species. Species without country nomination are from Uganda. The 'Nilotic species complex' first inferred by DeJong et al. (2001) is indicated by the vertical bar. Note the basal position of Biomphalaria angulosa to the Nilotic species complex. The weak bootstrap support of this complex in the parsimony analysis is a result of the close phylogenetic relationship with B. angulosa.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure 2. Plots of transitions (TS) and transversions (TV) for Biomphalaria relative to the percentage sequence divergence (p-distance). The sliding window analysis for noncoding sequences and codon position for protein coding sequences are given in the insets. A, TS/TV plot of the partial sequence of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Regions with the most variation are identified in the sliding window analysis and correspond to loop regions in the secondary structure. B, TS/TV plot of the total internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1) gene that indicates a possible saturation. The sliding window analysis (inset) illustrates that the variation is not distributed uniformly across the sequence. C, TS/TV plot of the partial sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI; primer pair LCO/HCO). The codon position plot is given in the inset. D, TS/TV plot of the partial sequence of COI (primer pair ASMIT 1/2). The codon position plot is given in the inset.

Figure A1 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure A1. Cladograms resulting from maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-parsimony (MP) analyses of the combined matrix and parsimony analyses of single-gene cladograms. Bootstrap support is indicated at the nodes. A, Consensus cladogram inferred from weighted and unweighted 16S by MP. B, Cladogram inferred from internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1) by MP. C, Cladogram inferred from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) by MP (primer pair LCO/HCO). D, Cladogram inferred from COI (primer pair ASMIT 1/2) by MP. E, Cladogram inferred from the combined data matrix by MP. F, Cladogram inferred from the combined data matrix by ML.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes

Figure 1. Summary cladogram from DeJong et al. (2001) showing the relationships of the African Biomphalaria. Note the position of Biomphalaria stanleyi within Biomphalaria pfeifferi.

Fig. 1 in On Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): a poorly known species endemic to the río Magdalena basin, Colombia

Fig. 1. Lateral view of the paratypes of Apteronotus magdalenensis: a) BMNH 1947.7.1.38, 335 mm TL.; b) USNM 123795, 287 mmTL.

Fig. 2 in On Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): a poorly known species endemic to the río Magdalena basin, Colombia

Fig. 2. Live specimens of Apteronotus magdalenensis, showing body and head. a) IAvH-P 9836 (WC 2005-09-27-01), male; b) IAvH-P 7026, (WC 2005-09-27-03), female. Scale bars = 10 mm. Arrows show position of eye.

Fig. 5 in On Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): a poorly known species endemic to the río Magdalena basin, Colombia

Fig. 5. General view of the habitat of Apteronotus magdalenensis in the río Magdalena. a: type locality Torrents of Honda; b: mouth of La Malena stream near Puerto Berrio in Antioquia Department (Photo a: Willian Crampton; photo b: courtesy of Pelayo-Villamil and Ochoa-Orrego).

Fig. 3 in On Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): a poorly known species endemic to the río Magdalena basin, Colombia

Fig. 3. Distribution of Apteronotus magdalenensis in the río Magdalena, Colombia. Star: type locality; Circles: additional records in the río Magdalena; Triangle: additional record in the lower río Cauca.

Figure 4. A in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 4. A, discriminant analysis, based on four variables. Adult specimens only. DF1 accounts for 95.6% of the variance, and contrasts palate length, bicanine breadth and occipital crest breadth with greatest length; DF2 accounts for 4.4%, and contrasts greatest length with palate length. B, same as for (A), but including juveniles, subadults, and two skulls of Paradoxurus jerdoni. DF1 accounts for 98.2% of the variance, and, as in (A), contrasts palate length, bicanine breadth, and occipital crest breadth with greatest length; DF2 accounts for 1.8%, and again contrasts greatest length with palate length.

Figure 7. A in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 7. A, biygomatic breadth (bizyg). The sample sizes were the same as for Figure 6. B, bicanine breadth (bican). Sample sizes as for Figure 6.

Figure 3 in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 3. Principal components analysis using nine measurements (gtl, bizyg, bican, occcrest, ht, jawl, ramusht, pall, and interpteryg; see text for the abbreviations list). There are distinct differences between groups. PC1 accounts for 52.8% of the variance, PC2 for 17.6%, and PC3 (not shown) for 12.1%. PC1 is largely a size factor, although the interpterygoid width is slightly negatively weighted. PC2 contrasts the interpterygoid, bizygomatic, and bicanine breadths (strongly positive) against greatest length, palate length, and jaw length (negative).

Figure 2. A in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 2. A, skulls from above. Left to right: BM(NH) 77.11.1.4 (Whyte); BM(NH) 50.1494, Panama (golden); BM(NH) 33.7.24.1, Koslanda (golden); BM(NH) 33.2.1.1, Maha Oya (dark). B, skulls from the side. Top: BM(NH) 33.2.1.1, Maha Oya (dark); bottom: BM(NH) 33.7.24.1, Koslanda (golden).

Figure 1. A in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 1. A, dark skins. First panel, from left to right: BM(NH) 27.11.28.1, Mousakande, Gammaduwa, Knuckles Range, 914 m a.s.l. (submontane); BM(NH) 33.2.1.1, Maha Oya, E.P. (dry zone); BM(NH) 52.5.9.17, Newara Eliya, type of Paradoxurus montanus (cloud forest). Second panel: BM(NH) 77.11.1.4 and 77.11.1.3, 'Ceylon, confined to the hills' (presented by Whyte); plus two Paradoxurus jerdoni. Third panel: NMC 41H, Mousakande, Gammaduwa, Knuckles Range, 610 m a.s.l. (submontane); NMC 42M, Moneragala, 65 52′N, 81°20′E (dry zone). B, gold skins. First panel: BM(NH) 50.19, Peradeniya (submontane wet zone); BM(NH) 52.5.9.18, Newara Eliya (cloud forest); BM(NH) 49.579, Galapitakunde Estate, 1066 m a.s.l., Namunukula, Uva Prov. (cloud forest); BM(NH) 33.7.24.1, Koslanda, Lipton's Tea Estate (dry zone); BM(NH) 50.1494, Panama, Sea Coast, E.P. (dry zone). Second panel: NMC 42, Timbulketiya, 6°24′N, 80°47′E (borders of wet and dry zones in south); NMC 42A, Colombo (wet zone); NMC 42B, Wattakeliya, 7°34′N, 79°46′E (borders of wet and dry zones on west coast). Third panel: NMC 42C, 42D, 42F, 42G, all from Gammaduwa, Knuckles Range (42F is from Mousakande, 975 m a.s.l.). C, dark (left) and golden (right) animals, both from the Knuckles Range.