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FIGURE 2. a in European Rhogogaster s. str., with notes on several Asian species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 2. a Modified BOLD TaxonID Tree to illustrate the percentage distance of COI-5P sequences of Rhogogaster groups. b Molecular Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Likelihood method, based on COI-5P data. The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model (Tamura & Nei 1993). The tree with the highest log likelihood (-3631.1492) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 65 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 556 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013). (Capture as provided by MEGA6, references adopted). c–g: color variability of R. scalaris—c ♂ (France, Midi-Pyrénées: Barèges), d–e ♀ (Sweden, Malung), f ♀ (Sweden, Abisko), g ♂ (Sweden, Härjedalen, Hede)

FIGURE 4. a–x in European Rhogogaster s. str., with notes on several Asian species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 4. a–x: head in dorsal view—a Rhogogaster punctulata, b R. chlorosoma, c R. chlorosoma (paratype), d R. scalaris (R. chlorosoma podkumokensis lectotype), e R. scalaris, f R. scalaris, g R. scalaris (R. carpatica lectotype), h R. scalaris, i R. viridis, j R. viridis (R. dryas paratype), k R. viridis, l R. polaris, m R. sibirica (lectotype), n R. magniserrula (holotype), o R. magniserrula (paratype from Russia), p R. magniserrula (holotype, oblique view), q R. robusta (holotype), r R. auctor (holotype), s R. naias (paratype), t R. bactriana (R. bactriana lindti paratype), u R. genistae (R. genistae viridifrons lectotype), v R. gilva (lectotype), w Tenthredo virescens (lectotype), x T. olivacea (R. viridis var. montana lectotype).

FIGURE 3. a–f in European Rhogogaster s. str., with notes on several Asian species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 3. a–f: color pattern in dorsal view—a Rhogogaster punctulata ♂, b R. punctulata ♀, c–d R. chlorosoma ♂, e R. polaris ♂, f R. scalaris ♀. g–n: 1st and 2nd plantar lobe of hind tarsus—g R. punctulata ♂, h R. chlorosoma ♂, i R. chlorosoma ♀, j R. sibirica ♀ (lectotype), k R. scalaris ♀ (lectotype), l R. scalaris ♂, m R. scalaris ♀, n R. scalaris ♂ (lectotype R. chlorosoma podkumokensis). o–r: mesoscutellum and appendage in dorsolateral view—o–p R. viridis, q–r R. polaris. s–t: thorax in dorsal view—s R. chlorosoma, t R. scalaris. u–y: figures of R. gayuboi (from Llorente Vigil, 1988)—u face, v head dorsal, w penis valve, x mesoscutellum and appendage dorsal, y abdomen.

FIGURE 1. a–b in European Rhogogaster s. str., with notes on several Asian species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 1. a–b: Rhogogaster scalaris ♀ alive, from France, Midi-Pyrénées: Barèges 3km ENE; 1450 m—a dorsal view b lateral view. c–d: face and shape of mandibles and clypeus in frontal view—c R. scalaris ♀, d R. punctulata ♂. e–f: head and thorax laterally, arrows in direction of anterior and ventral margin of pronotum—e R. sibirica: without submarginal furrow, f Tenthredo aericeps Konow, 1907: with submarginal furrow. g–h: apex of hind tibia, tibial spurs and basal tarsomeres—g T. virescens (lectotype), h R. scalaris (lectotype).

FIGURES 32–37 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 32–37. Zombrus bicolor (Enderlein), ♀. 32, Fore leg; 33, fore tibia and spines on it; 34, mid leg; 35, hind leg; 36, fore wing; 37, hind wing. 32–35, lateral view; 36, 37, dorsal view.

FIGURES 5–8. 5 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 5–8. 5, young larva of M. raddei under the bark; 6, some of mature larvae of M. raddei from one tree; 7, emergencing of Doryctes petiolatus Shestakov; 8, cocoon of Rhoptrocentrus quercusi sp.n..

FIGURES 22–26 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 22–26. Rhoptrocentrus quercusi sp.n., ♀. 22, Head; 23, mesosoma; 24, fore leg; 25, mid leg; 26, hind leg. 22–26, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–4. 1 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 1–4. 1, Roburs (Quercus liaotungensis) damaged by Massicus raddei Blessig; 2, a single robur (Q. liaotungensis) damaged by M. raddei; 3, trunk of Q. liaotungensis with lots of exit holes produced by M. raddei; 4, cross section of tunnels bored by M. raddei.

FIGURES 27–31 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 27–31. Zombrus bicolor (Enderlein), ♀. 27, Habitus; 28, head; 29, head and mesosoma; 30, mesosoma; 31, metasoma. 27, 29, 31, dorsal view; 28, frontal view; 30, lateral view.

FIGURES 9–14. Doryctes petiolatus Shestakov. 9, 13, 14 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 9–14. Doryctes petiolatus Shestakov. 9, 13, 14, ♂; 10–12, ♀. 9, Habitus; 10, 11, head; 12, head and mesosoma; 13, mesosoma; 14, metasoma. 9, 10, 13, 14, dorsal view; 11, frontal view; 12, lateral view.

FIGURES 15–21 in Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species

FIGURES 15–21. Rhoptrocentrus quercusi sp.n., ♀. 15, 16, Habitus; 17, right antennae; 18, 19, head; 20, mesosoma; 21, metasoma. 15, 17, 19–21, dorsal view; 16, lateral view; 18, frontal view.

FIGURES 64–71 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 64–71. Setae and microstructure of selected body parts II. Phyllobius pyri: 64—postantennal and orbital setae, 65— rostral s., 66—vertical s. and apical s., 67—superlateral s.; Barypeithes pellucidus: 68—apical s., 69—superlateral s.; 70— vertical s.; Phyllobius intrusus: 71—pseudocerci (photos: R. Gosik).

FIGURES 72–77 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 72–77. Sampling sites of pupae or mature larvae (reared to pupae) of field-collected species. 72 and 73—sampling site and habitat of Brachyderes incanus and Strophosoma c.f. sus larvae or pupae near Berkhof (09.07., 02.09.2012): a sand pit with naturally grown Calluna and Pinus vegetation; 74—sampling site of mature larvae of Phyllobius intrusus under Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Crippsii' in a tree nursery in Bad Zwischenahn, 29.03.2011; 75—sampling site of a pupa of Phyllobius pyri s. str. at the border of Helstorf peat bog, 21.04.2012; 76—sampling site of Barypeithes pellucidus pupae: a bed of Bergenia cordifolia 'Admiral' in a garden near Hildesheim, 06.04.2011; 77—sampling site of a Tanymecus palliatus pupa in a Medicago sativa field near Cottbus on fly ash soil, 09.08.2011 (photos: P. Sprick).

FIGURES 49–51. Strophosoma c.f in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 49–51. Strophosoma c.f. sus (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 49—ventral view; 50—lateral view; 51—dorsal view (abbreviations: es—epistomal setae, rs—rostral s., os—orbital s., sos—superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ls—lateral s., sls–superlateral s., ds—discal s., pls—posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., l—lateral s., v—ventral s., pcpseudocerci).

FIGURES 32–34 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 32–34. Otiorhynchus dieckmanni (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 32—ventral view; 33—dorsal view; 34—lateral view (abbreviations: es—epistomal setae, mts—mandibular theca s., rs—rostral s., pas—postantennal s., os—orbital s., sos— superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ls—lateral s., ds—discal s., pls—posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., l—lateral s., v—ventral s., pc—pseudocerci).

FIGURES 46–48. Phyllobius pyri s in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 46–48. Phyllobius pyri s. str. (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 46—ventral view; 47—lateral view; 48—dorsal view (abbreviations: rs—rostral setae, pas—postantennal s., os—orbital s., sos—superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ls— lateral s., sls–superlateral s., ds—discal s., pls—posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., l—lateral s., v—ventral s., ts— tarsal s., pts—pterothecal s., pc—pseudocerci).

FIGURES 21–24 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 21–24. Barypeithes pellucidus (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 21—ventral view of female; 22—ventral view of male; 23—lateral view; 24—dorsal view (abbreviations: es—epistomal setae, rs—rostral s., pas—postantennal s., os—orbital s., sos—superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ls—lateral s., sls–superlateral s., ds—discal s., pls—posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., l—lateral s., pc—pseudocerci).

FIGURES 55–63 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 55–63. Setae and microstructure of selected body parts I. Barypeithes pellucidus: 55–57—pseudocerci; Brachyderes incanus: 58—pseudocerci; 59—vertical setae; Otiorhynchus tenebricosus form lugdunensis: 60—vertical s. (with destroyed apical part); 61—dorsal s., 62—apical s., 63—dorsal s. of Ab. VIII (photos: R. Gosik).

FIGURES 42–45 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 42–45. Phyllobius intrusus (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 42—ventral view of female; 43—ventral view of male; 44—dorsal view; 45—lateral view (abbreviations: pas—postantennal setae, os—orbital s., sos—superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ls—lateral s., ds—discal s., pls—posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., l—lateral s., v—ventral s., pcpseudocerci).

FIGURES 52–54 in Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

FIGURES 52–54. Tanymecus palliatus (pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy): 52—ventral view; 53—dorsal view; 54—lateral view (abbreviations: rs—rostral setae, sos—superorbital s., vs—vertical s., as—apical s., ds—discal s., sls–superlateral s., pls— posterolateral s., fes—femoral s., d—dorsal s., v—ventral s., pc—pseudocerci).