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Niche differentiation along multiple functional-trait dimensions contributes to high local diversity of Euphorbiaceae in a tropical tree assemblage
<p><span>Understanding the mechanisms that drive community assembly in species-rich tropical forest remains a fundamental challenge in ecology. Here, we integrated multivariate functional trait dimensions, phylogeny, and metabolomics to test fundamental predictions concerning the role of differentiation with respect to abiotic and biotic niche axes in the maintenance of high local diversity of woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae.</span></p> <p><span>We measured 40 functional traits related to resource acquisition, photosynthetic capacity, hydraulic efficiency, and secondary-metabolite profiles generated using untargeted metabolomics in all 26 Euphorbiaceae species in a 20-ha forest dynamics plot in tropical southwestern China. We examined the correlation structure of 40 traits using a trait networking approach. We coupled these traits with variation in soil nutrients, light environment, soil water content and herbivore pressure within the plot to assess niche differentiation in space. We compared phylogenetic signal among </span><span>multivariate trait dimensions and secondary metabolites to assess niche differentiation in evolutionary time.</span></p> <p><span>Network analysis revealed that a small number of traits with high network centrality reflected variation in ecological strategy among the Euphorbiaceae. Using these high-centrality traits, we observed significant functional turnover along environmental gradients defined by light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and leaf herbivory, respectively. Most resource utilization traits showed significant phylogenetic signal, whereas almost all defensive traits lacked phylogenetic signal, including species similarity with respect to plant secondary metabolites.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis</span><span>.</span><span> </span><span>Our results suggest that resource-utilization traits and the habitat associations play a significant role in the </span><span>niche segregation</span><span> of co-occurring woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae. Secondary metabolites, however, may enhance diversity at a finer spatial scale by allowing closely related species with similar functional traits to partition biotic niche space within shared habitats in tropical</span><span> rainforest.</span></p>
Data from: Comparison of macro-molluscan assemblages in a protected and a non-protected tropical seagrass ecosystem
<p><span>Humans</span><span> be</span><span>nefit </span><span>from a variety of ecosystem services provided by seagrass meadows. However, seagrass conservation efforts appear to be insufficient, as evidenced by its low representation in marine protected areas around the world.</span><span> Protecting seagrasses benefits not just the seagrass itself, but also the macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages that dwell beside it and contribute indirectly to the various environmental services through their functions. Studies comparing seagrass-associated invertebrate assemblages and functional trait composition within and outside marine protected areas are uncommon, so the current study compares invertebrate assemblages and functional trait composition from a marine protected area (Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park) and an adjacent non-marine protected area (Palk Bay) along the southeast coast of India.</span><span> The species richness (mean <em>S</em> = 83.3) and density (mean <em>D</em> = 6276.6) of seagrass-associated macromolluscs were higher in marine protected areas than in non-marine protected areas (mean <em>S</em> = 54.6, mean <em>D</em> = 5264.0), but not the species diversity (mean <em>H'</em> = 2.1 for marine protected areas, mean <em>H'</em> = 2.0 for non-marine protected areas).</span> Protected seagrass ecosystems, on the other hand, exhibited much higher species richness within functional groups (i.e., deposit feeders (mean <em>S</em> = 5.5), micro-/macro-grazers (21.7), predators (34.8), ectoparasites (2.1) and suspension feeders (19.3)), suggesting that the protection status supports functional redundancy. The study's findings reveal the importance of protection status in enhancing macromollusc assemblages in seagrass ecosystems, which improves the ecosystem's resilience and function.</p>
Experimental evidence that host species composition alters host-pathogen dynamics in a ranavirus-amphibian assemblage
<p>Losses in biodiversity can alter disease risk through changes in host species composition. Host species vary in pathogen susceptibility and competence. Yet how changes in diversity alter host-pathogen dynamics remains unclear in many systems, particularly with respect to generalist pathogens. Amphibians are experiencing worldwide population declines linked to generalist pathogens, such as ranavirus, and thus represent an ideal group to investigate how host species composition affects disease risk. We conducted experiments where individuals in the laboratory and assemblages of three amphibian species (Pacific tree frogs, Pseudacris regilla; Cascades frogs, Rana cascadae; and Western toads, Anaxyrus boreas) or just A. boreas alone in outdoor mesocosms were exposed to ranavirus as larvae. In laboratory experiment, we observed low survival and high viral loads in P. regilla compared to the other species suggesting that this species was highly susceptible to the pathogen. In the mesocosm experiment, we observed 41% A. boreas mortality when alone and 98% mortality when maintained with P. regilla and R. cascadae. Our results suggest that the presence of highly susceptible species can alter disease dynamics across multiple species, potentially increasing infection risk and mortality in co-occurring species.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Papastefanou G, Panayiotou E, Mylonas M, Simaiakis SM (2015) Centipede assemblages along an urbanization gradient in the city of Heraklion, Crete (Greece). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 163-179. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8414
Abundance and activity density of centipede species per sampling site.: Explanation note: List of species and individuals captured at each sampling site.
Fig. 3 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.
Fig. 3. The percentage of better-fit linear, asymptotic, and quadratic models applied to data from 1000 spatially-structured randomisations for each subsample, using baiting, pitfall trap, Winkler data, and for a subset of subordinate species that are more prone to interact with dominant ants. The subset of subordinate species used data from pitfall and Winkler sampling techniques combined. The subsamples were distributed along 225 m and spaced 25 m apart.
Fig. 2 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.
Fig. 2. The relationship between the abundance of dominant ants and the number of subordinate species across three sites at Central Amazonia, using baits, pitfalls, Winkler data, and a subset of subordinate species that are more prone to interact with dominant ants. The subset of subordinate species used data from pitfall and Winkler sampling techniques combined. Grey circles represent Viruá transects, black circles Maracá transects, and open circles Ducke transects.
Fig. 1 in Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests.
Fig. 1. Map of the study region. Squares represent the three sites sampled. In the detailed figure, the black circles represent the 250 - m transects spatially arranged in a 5 × 5 km square grid.
Fig. 6 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 6 Hastisetae on the two deinocrotonid ticks preserved together and comparisons with extant Megatominae. a Hastiseta preserved with its spearshaped head entangled in a leg of the paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. b Detail of the spear-shaped head of the hastiseta from a. c Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head (arrow) entangled in the holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a). Scale bar, 0.05 mm. d Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head photographed from above entangled in the base of the right femur I of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. e Spear-shaped head magnified from d showing its six knobs. f Multi-segmented portion of a hastiseta, without preserved head, on the posterior body margin of the holotype (segments to the right are distal). Scale bar, 0.05 mm. g Extant larval cast-off skin after molt in dorsal view of the Megatominae genus Anthrenus (arrows indicate two of the hastisetal tufts on abdominal segments), which can be found in bird nests. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. h Several hastisetae from a posterior tuft from g. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. i Basal (left), middle and distal (right) multi-segmented sections of one hastiseta from h. Scale bar, 0.02 mm
Fig. 9 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 9 Reconstruction of the habitus of Deinocroton draculi on an immature feathered dinosaur. The reconstruction shows two unengorged males (left) and a female feeding to engorgement (right). Male body length ca. 3.9 mm. Colours of the ticks are conjectural but based on the colouration seen in the related nuttalliellid ticks. Performed by the authors using models of the males created by the artist Oscar Sanisidro
Fig. 3 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle family Dermestidae). Scale bar, 1 mm. b Engorged paratype female in dorsolateral view. Scale bar, 1 mm. c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. d Paratype male in dorsal view. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. e Dorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype, showing Haller's organ, an aggregate of chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle. Scale bar, 1 mm. i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female, respectively. Scale bars, 0.1 mm. a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans
Fig. 2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1 mm
Fig. 5 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5 mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows). Scale bar, 0.5 mm. c Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg III (femur length ca. 0.5 mm). Note the notch-like processes (arrows). d Ruffled genual surface (genu length ca. 0.6 mm). e Right spiracle in frontal view. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. f Left spiracle in lateral view (arrow). Scale bar, 0.2 mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1 mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle). Scale bar, 1 mm. i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1 mm
Fig. 7 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the male and engorged female of Deinocroton draculi. Upper dorsal, ventral, frontal, and lateral views based on CT-scans of the holotype male (see Supplementary Movie 1) (Artist: Oscar Sanisidro). Lower lateral and ventral reconstructions based on CT-scans of the engorged paratype female (performed by the authors using elements from the male model performed by O. Sanisidro). Both reconstructions at the same scale and with modifications based on compound microscope observations. Scale bar, 1 mm
Fig. 1 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5 mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1 mm. c Detail of the tick's capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2 mm
Fig. 4 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b, c); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpi in ventral views, respectively, with indication of the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1 mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar, 0.5 mm. d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. g Haller's organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm
Fig. 10 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 10 Ticks and their possible feathered hosts in deep time. Simplified phylogenies of parasitiform Acari (top) and tetanuran Dinosauria leading to the bird lineage (bottom). Although filamentous integumentary structures are known in some ornithischians and pterosaurs, the latter are not represented for not belonging to the bird lineage. Time ranges supported by the fossil record are depicted with thick lines; those inferred appear in thin lines. Asterisk marks the inferred origin of modern birds (Neornithes). Known fossil occurrences of parasitiform mites (all in amber; stars correspond to tick records that can be related to feathered dinosaur hosts, presented in this paper; quaternary records excluded): Lebanese amber—1, Mesostigmata indet.; Burmese amber—2,? Opilioacarus groehni; 3 Cornupalpatum burmanicum, three specimens including the new one described herein entangled in a pennaceous feather; Compluriscutata vetulum, Amblyomma birmitum, and Amblyomma sp.; 4 Argasidae indet.; 5 Deinocroton draculi (herein); Raritan amber—6, Carios jerseyi; Baltic amber—7, Sejus bdelloides; Aclerogamasus stenocornis; Microgynioidea indet.; 8 Paracarus pristinus;?Opilioacarus aenigmus; 9 Ixodes succineus and Ixodes sp.; Mexican amber—10, Dendrolaelaps fossilis; Dominican amber—11, Amblyomma sp.; 12 Ornithodoros antiquus. An unpublished, badly preserved specimen from Spanish amber (105 Ma) has been not included, but it could be assignable to Deinocrotonidae. See Supplementary Notes 3, 4, and 6 for inferred time ranges used, parasitiform records shown, oldest occurrences of dinosaur groups depicted, and discussion on feather evidence in non-avialan dinosaurs. Neog. + Q. Neogene and Quaternary, D.F.H. diverse feeding habits, S.F. solid feeders, F.F. fluid feeders
Fig. 8 in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 8 Amber drops attached to legs of the deinocrotonid paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). a Dorsal view of the specimen (arrows indicate the amber drops). Scale bar, 1 mm. b Left tarsus I dorsally covered by an amber drop. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. c Right tarsus I coated by an amber drop with abundant bubbles inside (arrow indicates the claws). Scale bar, 0.2 mm
Supplementary material 1 from: Gray R, Strine CT (2017) Herpetofaunal assemblages of a lowland broadleaf forest, an overgrown orchard forest and a lime orchard in Stann Creek, Belize. ZooKeys 707: 131-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.707.14029
Common captures during study : Explanation note: Photos of reptiles and amphibians most commonly captured during the study. Information is provided regarding the habitats each species was caught in during the study, their IUCN Redlist conservation status, and EVS scores according to Johnson et al. (2015).
Bioconcentration and lethal effects of gas-condensate and crude oil on nearshore copepod assemblages
<p> To assess the toxicity of petroleum pollutants on copepod assemblages, we conducted microcosm experiments simulating slick scenarios at five different concentrations (0, 50, 250, 500, 100 ppm) of gas-condensate and crude oil. We collected natural zooplankton from a coastal station (32°51'07.1 N 34°59'26.2 E) on July 18, 2021 (“gas-condensate experiment”) and July 27, 2021 (“crude oil experiment”) by two horizontal Bongo net tows (200 and 65 µm mesh size; 300 µm mesh size), and surface seawater (sieved through a 50 µm mesh). The seawater was enriched with the collected zooplankton (65 µm - 2 mm size fraction) and incubated in 10 L polycarbonate container microcosms for 48 hours. After incubation, a subsample of 5 L was taken from each experimental microcosm using a hand pump. Each sample was sieved through a 50 µm mesh, rinsed with 0.2 μm filtered seawater, and concentrated in 200 ml in a glass beaker. The samples were examined under the stereomicroscope (SZX16, Olympus, Japan) and the number of dead (not swimming and/or not moving) and live individuals (swimming and/or moving after being gently touched with tweezers) of calanoid and cyclopoid copepods were counted for estimating survival. e data included the counts of the dead and live individuals (copepods, including calanoid and cyclopoid copepods). Survival (%) was estimated for each treatment as the live/dead ratio at the end of each incubation (48h).</p>
Data related to article: Shrubs exhibit competitive interactions with herbaceous plants and shape community assemblage and functional composition in alpine western Himalaya
<p>To understand the interaction between dominant shrubs and herbacous communities in the alpine region of western Himalaya, a field study was conducted along the elevation gradient (3500-5000 masl). During the field survey, we have collected population data, plant functional trait data and soil physico-chemical data from shrub undercanopy and adjacent open habitats. Relative Interaction Index and L0g ratio were calculated using the population data. Further, plant functional traits data and soil physicochemical data were utilised to understand the functional comoposition and resource availability occuring in the contrasting habitats.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.