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3,169 results for “bat”
Flying under the LiDAR: relating forest structure to bat activity and call diversity
<p>Bat call data collected at Ordway-Swisher Biological Station from June - September 2015.</p>
buzzfindr: Automating the detection of feeding buzzes in bat echolocation recordings
<p>Quantification of bat communities and habitat heavily rely on non-invasive acoustic bat surveys the scope of which has greatly amplified with advances in remote monitoring technologies. Despite the unprecedented amount of acoustic data being collected, analysis of these data is often limited to simple species classification which provides little information on habitat function. Feeding buzzes, the rapid sequences of echolocation pulses emitted by bats during the terminal phase of prey capture, have historically been used to evaluate foraging habitat quality. Automated identification of feeding buzzes in recordings could benefit conservation by helping identify critical foraging habitat. I tested if detection of feeding buzzes in recordings could be automated with bat recordings from Ontario, Canada. Data were obtained using three different recording devices. The signal detection method involved sequentially scanning narrow frequency bands with the "Bioacoustics" R package signal detection algorithm, and extracting temporal and signal strength parameters from detections. Buzzes were best characterized by the standard deviation of the time between consecutive pulses, the average pulse duration, and the average pulse signal-to-noise ratio. Classification accuracy was highest with artificial neural networks and random forest algorithms. I compared each model's receiver operating characteristic curves and random forest provided better control over the false-positive rate so it was retained as the final model. When tested on a new dataset, buzzfindr's overall accuracy was 93.4% (95% CI: 91.5% - 94.9%). Overall accuracy was not affected by recording device type or species frequency group. Automated detection of feeding buzzes will facilitate their integration in the analytical workflow of acoustic bat studies to improve inferences on habitat use and quality.</p>
Scientific papers assessing the role of bats as suppressors of agricultural pests
<p>This database is part of the supplementary material of the article entitled "<strong>Pest suppression by bats and management strategies to favour it: a global review</strong>", published in the journal Biological Reviews. It illustrates the articles assessing the role of bats in agriculture as suppressors of pests insects, located by the first literature search (LS1), and the main information extracted.</p> <p> </p> <p>Methodology: </p> <p>We conducted a first literature search (LS1) in ISI <em>Web of Science</em> of indexed articles and book chapters in English, using the following terms in the TOPIC field (searching both the title and the abstract): ‘agricultur*’, ‘pest’, ‘insect*’ and ‘bat*’ or ‘bats’. The search was performed by C. T.-C. in October 2022 obtaining 173 references, of which only 66 of were considered for the review after checking the whole text. We only included articles directly studying and assessing the effect of bats as pest controllers, either as direct predators of one or several pests (providing or not evidence of predation), evaluating their effect as top predators or quantifying economically their suppressive effect. We excluded any work that only mentioned the potential of bats as insect pest suppressors as an indirect topic of their research. For each of the included studies, we extracted information following a semi-structured questionnaire: (<em>i</em>) the year and country where the study was performed; (<em>ii</em>) the agroecosystem type studied; (<em>iii</em>) the insect pest species detected and the bat species on which the study was focused; (<em>iv</em>) whether predation of bats upon pest species was demonstrated; (<em>v</em>) whether the study demonstrated a top-down effect of bats on that agroecosystem; (<em>vi</em>) whether the benefits of bat ecosystem services were quantified economically, and what methods were used to estimate the economic value of bats as pest suppressors; and (<em>vii</em>) the conservation and management strategies proposed in the articles and their potential application.</p>
Interactions between bat species and agricultural pests and disease vectors in northern Madagascar
<p>This table is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the <span>Table A4.4</span> of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and illustrates the arthropod species detected in bat faecal sampels and classified as insect pests or disease vectors, and their interactions with bat species. Information on the bold percentage of similarity, study site, habitat type and pest type.</p>
Faecal samples analysed per bat species for each location, season and habitat type in northern Madagascar
<p>This table is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the <strong><em>Table A4.1 </em></strong>of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and compiles the information on the number of samples analysed per bat species for each location, season and habitat type. Buildings were all located in rural villages outside protected areas, and caves and forest were all located inside protected areas.</p> <p>Methodology: </p> <p>Due to the subtropical climate of this country, we sampled bats in two periods representing the two main seasons for both Amber Mountain and Ankarana. Dry and wet season vary slightly in timing and extent, and we adjusted the field periods to cover the end of the dry season (October – November 2022), and the end of the wet season (May 2023, as in April one of the protected areas was inaccessible due to the poor state of the road caused by heavy rains). French Mountain was visited only in the dry season (October – November 2022) due to logistic limitations. We used mist-nets and harp traps to sample insectivorous bats in protected areas and rural villages. Bat captures were conducted for 7-10 consecutive nights in each protected area, changing sampling points daily to cover a wider area. We sampled bats in a total of six caves and four forest points in Ankarana; six caves and two forest points in French Mountain; and 10 forest points in Amber Mountain (there are no known caves in this protected area). Three school buildings were visited at 16 km from Ankarana borders, two public buildings at 3 km from Amber Mountain borders, and two school buildings at 1 km from French Mountain borders. When sampling forest habitats, mist-nets and harp traps were installed 30 minutes before sunset and remained open for at least four hours. When sampling bats at roost entrances (caves inside protected areas and buildings in rural villages), bats were captured before sunrise when returning to the colony after feeding. In these cases, we used mist-nets and harp traps set up four hours before dawn, which remained in place until 30 minutes after sunrise.</p> <p>All insectivorous bats captured were measured, weighed and identified using different bibliographic references. Bat captures and handling were conducted following guidelines approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes and Gannon, 2011). Bats were kept in clean cloth bags until they defecated, generally for a maximum of one hour. In case the bat individuals had not defecated within that time interval, they were released after being measured, weighted and identified. Faecal pellets of each individual were immediately collected and stored in 2 ml tubes with 95% ethanol and labelled accordingly. All bats were released at the same site where they were captured. We gathered a total of 500 samples to assess bat diet: 250 samples collected in the dry season and 250 samples in the wet season. The number of samples collected per species varied according to their rate of capture at the different sampling points.</p> <p>We were able to trap 15 different insectivorous bat species, 11 Madagascar endemics, and four regional endemics also occurring on nearby islands. Twelve bat species were captured exclusively inside the protected areas and those considered largely forest dependent are highlighted in bold (C<em>haerephon jobimena, Laephotis matroka, Macronycteris commersoni, Miniopterus aelleni, M. ambohitrensis, M. gleni, M. griveaudi, Myotis goudoti, Otomops madagascariensis, <strong>Paratriaenops auritus, Paremballonura tiavato</strong>, Triaenops menamena</em>), and two were captured exclusively outside the protected areas (<em>Chaerephon leucogaster, Mops leucostigma</em>). <em>Mormopterus jugularis</em> was the only species found roosting both in caves and buildings, although it was primarily captured in natural roosts in this study. We collected faecal samples for all these species, obtaining operational genetic material (i.e. OTUs representing more than 1% of the total dietary reads of each sample) from 454 of the 500 faecal samples analysed (Table A4.1). </p>
Seasonal weighted percentage of occurrence (wPOO) of different arthropod orders in the diet of bats of northern Madagascar
<p>This table (updated from previous version) is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the Table A4.2 of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and illustrates the weighted percentage of occurrence (wPOO) of each arthropod order in the diet of the different bat species for each season (dry and wet). The values in brackets next to each species name are the total samples collected for that species.</p> <p>Methodology: </p> <p>When focusing on the different bat species, bat diet was assessed using the weighted percentage of occurrence data (wPOO), which is similar to POO, but it weights each occurrence according to the number of food items in the sample, since it may be more biologically realistic than using POO or FOO. As discussed by Deagle et al. (2019), POO data is useful because it shows each food taxon's percentage of the total diet (unlike FOO, which does not sum to 100%). However, wPOO may be more accurate because it weights each sample equally, preventing samples with many food taxa from having stronger influence. wPOO values were also calculated for each season (dry/wet) independently, in order to perceive changes in prey preferences depending on the season. </p>
List of agricultural pests and disease vectors detected in the diet of insectivorous bats in northern Madagascar
<p>This table is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the <span>Table A4.3</span> of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and shows the list of agricultural pests (known and potential) and disease vectors detected in the diet of insectivorous bats, BOLD ID percentage (similarity), and information on the type of crops attacked or disease transmitted by them in Madagascar and/or continental Africa.</p> <p>Methodology:</p> <p><span>To evaluate whether bats were consuming agricultural pests or disease vectors, we only considered prey identified to species level. Using published scientific literature, we classified each arthropod species in one of the following categories: ‘non-pest prey’, ‘known human-disease vector’ (species confirmed as human-disease vector in Madagascar), ‘known livestock-disease vector’ (species confirmed as livestock-disease vector in Madagascar), ‘potential human-disease vector’ (species not confirmed as human-disease vector in Madagascar, but considered as such in continental Africa), ‘potential livestock-disease vector’ (species not confirmed as livestock-disease vector in Madagascar, but considered as such in continental Africa), ‘known agricultural pest’ (species confirmed as agricultural pest in Madagascar), ‘potential agricultural pest’ (species not confirmed as agricultural pest in Madagascar, but considered as such in continental Africa).</span></p> <p> </p>
Fig. 3 in A species-level trait dataset of bats in Europe and beyond
Fig. 3 Number of trait categories (genetic composition, physiology, morphology, acoustic signature, climatic associations, foraging habitat, roost type, diet, spatial behaviour, life history, pathogens, phenology, and distribution) provided at the country level across all species. For sake of clarity and for highlighting gaps in geographic coverage, we did not consider in this map traits provided across a given species' range or at regional level. Details on each trait category are provided in Supplementary Material 4.
Fig. 1 in A species-level trait dataset of bats in Europe and beyond
Fig. 1 Number of peer-reviewed studies per year (a) and per geographic area (b) that implemented a traitbased approach to study bats15–91. Data were extracted from a systematic literature search conducted in Web of Science and Google Scholar on the 15th of November 2021 using the following search string terms: (Bat* OR Chiroptera) AND ("trait-base*" OR "trait diversity" OR "functional diversity" OR trait*). The black solid line represents the LOESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) fit to the observed relationship. See raw data and details in Supplementary Material 1.
Bats generate lower affinity, but higher diversity antibody responses compared to mice, an effect that can be manipulated with diet
<p><span>Bats are reservoirs of many zoonotic viruses that are fatal in humans but do not cause disease in bats. Moreover, bats generate low neutralizing antibody titers in response to experimental viral infection, although more robust antibody responses have been observed in wild caught bats during times of food stress. Here we compared the antibody titers and B cell receptor (BCR) diversity of Jamaican fruit bats (<em>Artibeus jamaicensis</em>; JFB) and BALB/c mice generated in response to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. We then manipulated the diet of JFBs and challenged them with H18N11 influenza A-like virus or a replication incompetent Nipah virus VSV (Nipah-riVSV). Under standard housing conditions, JFBs generated a lower avidity antibody response and possessed more BCR mRNA diversity compared to BALB/c mice. However, withholding protein from JFBs improved serum neutralization in response to Nipah-riVSV and improved serum antibody titers specific to H18 but reduced BCR mRNA diversity. </span></p>
Design and font for the iconic T-shirt "Bats are not bird"
<p>These are the files for the distinctive design and font for the iconic T-shirt "Bats are not bird". Please feel free to reuse.</p>
FIGURE 16 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 16. Distributional maps of Noctiliostrebla species (continued). A. N. ecuadorensis sp. n. B. N. guerreroi sp. n. C. N. falsispina sp. n. D. N. lamasi sp. n.
FIGURE 4 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 4. Noctiliostrebla dubia (Rudow), ♀ paralectotype (ZMUH) and lectotype ♂ (ZMUH) (photos kindly taken by Drs Kai Schütte and Frank Wieland, ZMUH). A. Detail of posterior portion of female thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe and sternite II. B. Female tergite VII (with setae insertions) and epiproct in dorsal view. C. Detail of male abdomen in dorsal view, showing sternite II. D. Detail of male abdomen in dorsolateral view, showing syntergite I+II and hypopygium. E. Male genitalia in lateral view. F. Slide with both specimens and labels with identifications made by Rudow (labels on the slide) and by Wenzel (label outside of the slide). G. Detail of label with identification made by Speiser. Abbreviations: emar., emargination of sternite II; i.l.m., inner lateral margin; l.l., lateral lobe of syntergite I+II; mts.l., metasternal lobe; sp.I, spiracle I; sp.II, spiracle II; sp.VII, spiracle VII; st.II, sternite II; st.VI, sternite VI.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 1. General morphology of head, thorax, leg and wing of Noctiliostrebla spp. A–C. Detail of head of N. morena sp. n. (♀ paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in (A) anterior view, (B) dorsolateral view and (C) dorsal view. D–E. External morphology of thorax of N. morena sp. n. (holotype ♀, MZSP) in (D) dorsal view and (E) lateral view. F. External morphology of thorax of N. guerreroi sp. n. (holotype ♀, MZSP) in ventral view. G. Detail of wing of N. morena sp. n. (♀ paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in dorsal view. H. Detail of left hind tibia of N. morena sp. n. (♀ paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in lateral view, showing posteroventral cluster of setae. I. Detail of left hind tibia and tarsus of N. morena sp. n. (holotype ♀, MZSP) in lateral view. Abbreviations: an., antenna; ar., arista; e., eye; epm.2, mesepimeron; eps.2, metepimeron; fc., frontoclypeus; fu.s., furcasternal suture; hlt., haltere; lb., labella; lv., laterovertex; md.s., median suture; ms., mesosternum; mts., metasternum; mts.l., metasternal lobe; oc.l. occipital lobe; plp., palpus; prsc., prescutum; pv.c., posteroventral cluster of setae; sc., scutum; scl., scutellum; stc.s., sternacostal suture; tb., tibia; th.s.I, thoracic spiracle I; tr.s., transverse suture; w., wing.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 3. General morphology of abdomen and genitalia of male Noctiliostrebla spp. A. Abdomen of N. morena sp. n. (paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in lateral view, with detail of lateral lobe of syntergite I+II and hypopygium. B. Posterior portion of abdomen of N. morena sp. n. (paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in lateral view, with detail of hypopygium. C. Morphology of genitalia of N. maai Wenzel, modified from Wenzel et al. (1966). D. Detail of aedeagus of N. morena sp. n. (paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP) in lateral view. E–G. Detail of posterior portion of abdomen of N. morena sp. n. (paratype from Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP), showing hypopygium in (E) ventral view, (F) posteroventral view and (G) dorsal view. Abbreviations: aed., aedeagus; aed.a., aedeagal apodeme; cer., cercus; dt.s., distal seta; epa., epandrium; gon., gonopod; hyp.a.+hyp., hypandrial apodeme and hypandrium; l.l., lateral lobe of syntergite I+II; par., parameres; pr.s, proximal seta; proc., proctiger; sp.II, spiracle II; sp.VII, spiracle VII; st.VI, sternite VI; st.X, sternite X; sur., surstylus; sytgo.VII+VIII, syntergosternite VII+VIII; tg.VII, tergite VII; tho., sclerotized thorn.
FIGURE 17 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 17. Distributional maps of Noctiliostrebla species (continued). A. N. morena sp. n. B. N. pantaneira sp. n. C. N. caissara sp. n.
FIGURE 5 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 5. Noctiliostrebla traubi Wenzel, ♀ (Honduras, Olancho, Escuela de Sembrador, FMNH) and holotype ♂ (FMNH). A. Female abdomen in dorsal view. B. Detail of posterior portion of female thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe and sternite II. C. Female tergite VII (with setae insertions) and epiproct in dorsal view. D. Detail of male abdomen in ventral view, showing sternite II. E. Detail of male abdomen in ventral view, showing hypopygium. F. Male genitalia in lateral view. G. Distal portion of gonopod in lateral view. H. Distal portion of aedeagus in lateral view.
FIGURE 9 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 9. Noctiliostrebla guerreroi sp. n., holotype ♀ (MZSP) and ♂♂ paratypes (Brazil, Pará, Itaituba, MZSP). A. Female abdomen in dorsal view. B. Detail of posterior portion of female thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe and sternite II. C. Female tergite VII (with setae insertions) and epiproct in dorsal view. D. Detail of male abdomen in ventrolateral view, showing hypopygium. E. Detail of posterior portion of male thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe, sternite II and hypopygium. F. Male genitalia in lateral view. G. Distal portion of gonopod in lateral view. H. Distal portion of aedeagus in lateral view.
FIGURE 15 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 15. Distributional maps of Noctiliostrebla species. A. N. dubia (Rudow). B. N. traubi Wenzel. C. N. maai Wenzel. D. N. aitkeni Wenzel.
FIGURE 12 in Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio)
FIGURE 12. Noctiliostrebla morena sp. n., holotype ♀ (MZSP) and ♂♂ paratypes (Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Base de Estudos do Pantanal, MZSP). A. Female abdomen in dorsal view. B. Detail of posterior portion of female thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe and sternite II. C. Female tergite VII (with setae insertions) and epiproct in dorsal view. D. Detail of male abdomen in ventrolateral view, showing hypopygium. E. Detail of posterior portion of male thorax and abdomen in ventral view, showing metasternal lobe, sternite II and hypopygium. F. Male genitalia in lateral view. G. Distal portion of gonopod in lateral view. H. Distal portion of aedeagus in lateral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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