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Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.

Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.

Fig. 6 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 6. Dorsal view of mesosomal color variation in Burkseus vittatus: (A) D4559, (B) D5320, (C) D5113, (D) D5101, (E) D4699, (F) D3640, (G) D4173, (H) D3665, (I) D3666, (J) D4177, (K) D3993, and (L) illustrated view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 8 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 8. Gaster color variation within females (A–E) and males (F–J) of the four Nearctic Burkseus species.

Fig. 5 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 5. Mesosomal color variation. (A–H) Burkseus robustus: (A) D3674, (B) D3675, (C) D4591, (D) D4580, (E) D4581, (F) D4680, (G) D5326, (H) illustrated view. (I–L) B. sigillatus: (H) D5325, (I) D5324, (J) D4738, and (L) illustrated view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 4 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 4. Mesosomal color variation in Burkseus flavoviridis: (A) D4682, (B) D4741, (C) D3791 (specimen collapsed while drying), (D) D4593, (E) D4171, F) D4172, (G) D4679, (H) D4683, (I) D4176, (J) D4169, (K) D4175, and (L) illustrated view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 2 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree inferred from Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide sequence distances between COI haplotypes of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (blue branches), Chrysis brevitarsis and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (yellow branches). Support values are based on 10 000 bootstrap replicates. Acronyms in capital letters after the species names specify the country of origin: Belorussia (BLR), Estonia (EST), Finland (FIN), Germany (GER), Lithuania (LIT), Norway (NOR), Russia (RUS), and Sweden (SWE). Sample IDs are given in parentheses.

Fig. 7 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of antennal flagellomeres (F) 4–6 in females of Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (top, voucher ID: TUZ117252) and Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (bottom, voucher ID:TUZ102387).

Fig. 9 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 9. Habitus: (A) Burkseus elongatus (BMNH: NHMUK 10371836), (B) B. singa (MZH: UCRCENT 513243), (C) B. pinicolus (BMNH: NHMUK 10371840), (D) Cirrospilus curvineurus (MZH: UCRCENT 513242).

Fig. 6 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 6. Shape of the internal metasomal segments (T4–T7 and S4–S6) of female Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (voucher ID:TUZ102402). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 2 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 2. Fore wings, dorsal view: (A) Burkseus vittatus comb. n., (B) B. flavoviridis comb. n., (C) B. robustus n. sp., (D) B. sigillatus n. sp. The photographs of B. robustus and B. sigillatus were taken after DNA extraction, displaying how the dark colors on the submarginal vein setae (B. robustus and B. sigillatus), stigmal vein and uncus (B. robustus), and banding patterns (B. sigillatus) are resilient enough to remain visible after extraction. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. ams = admarginal setae, bsl = basal setal line, csl = cubital setal line, disc = fore wing disc, spc = speculum, smv = submarginal vein, stg = stigmal vein, unc = uncus.

Fig. 3 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 3. Combined molecular and morphological maximum likelihood tree.The different symbols correspond with specimens collected at the same location. Each specimen of these groups was collected during the same collecting event, with the exception of D3665, D3666, and D3791, collected at the same location but 2 wk apart.

Fig. 1 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Fig. 1. Morphological characters. (A–C) head: (A) Zagrammosoma mirum, (B) Burkseus flavoviridis, (C) Burkseus robustus. (D–G) dorsal view of mesosoma: (D) Cirrospilus sp. D3867, (E) Cirrospilus sp. D3865, (F) Zagrammosoma americanum, (G) Diglyphus begini. (H) Burkseus robustus hind leg. (I) Burkseus flavoviridis antennae. Scale bar in all photos = 0.2 mm. axl = axilla, bst = basitarsus, clv = clava, fu = funicular, mc = median carina, ms = malar sulcus, msc = mesoscutum, no = pronotum, not = notaulus, pdg = prodiscrimen groove, pl1 = propleura, ppd = propodeum, scp = scape, sct = mesoscutellum, set = setae (bristle-like setae), smg = submedian groove, sss = small scattered setae, tbs = tibial spur, vtx = vertex.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 1. Maps of sampling localities for all 165 samples used in UCE library preparation for this study. (A) (top) indicates sampling localities of all nonglobetrotting species (i.e., species in their native ranges; red points). |(B) (bottom) indicates sampling localities of all globetrotting species. See Supp Table S1 [online only] for detailed locality information for each sample.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 5. Species delimitation hypotheses of the bourbonica complex. (Left) Cloudogram based on the STACEY analysis using 565 SNPs extracted from the 'bourb27-phased_90p' dataset, with the 'root canal' (blue) summarizing the main features of the tree set. (Right) Summary of species delimitation schemes based on morphospecies sorting and for each analysis performed in this study, with each different colored bar (also labeled with different letters) representing a single species.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 4. Multi-species coalescent phylogenies of the guatemalensis and fulva complexes, generated in ASTRAL-III using 75% complete alignment matrices. (A) (left) represents the unphased MSC analysis and (B) (right) represents the phased MSC analysis. Values on the internal nodes represent local posterior probabilities (LPP), with ≥0.95 indicating strong support and ≤0.75 indicating weak support. Scale bars under phylogenetic trees indicate number of substitutions per site. Photos of N. guatemalensis (Ny097), N. steinheili (Ny101), and N. fulva (Ny191) workers in profile view are to scale and were taken by Brandon Mai.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 2. Circular maximum likelihood phylogeny of Nylanderia generated in IQ-TREE 2 from the 80% complete SWSC-partitioned UCE matrix. Biogeography of terminal taxa is based on inferred native ranges and may not indicate collecting locality for known non-native species. Samples indicated with red text are globetrotting species. Nodal support is provided in SH-aLRT (Shimodaira–Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test) values on the left side of the node, and UFBoot (ultrafast bootstrap) values on the right side of the node. For both support values, less than 80% is considered weak support, between 80 and 94.9% is considered moderate support, and greater than or equal to 95% is considered strong support.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 3. Multi-species coalescent (MSC) phylogenies of the Australasian/Indomalayan clade including the bourbonica complex, generated in ASTRAL-III using 75% complete alignment matrices. (A) (left) represents the unphased MSC analysis and (B) (right) represents the phased MSC analysis.Values on the internal nodes represent local posterior probabilities (LPP), with ≥0.95 indicating strong support and ≤0.75 indicating weak support. Scale bars under phylogenetic trees indicate the number of substitutions per site. Photos of N. bourbonica (Ny201) and N. vaga (Ny204) workers in profile view are to scale and were taken by Milan Janda.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes

Fig. 6. Species delimitation hypotheses of the fulva + guatemalensis complexes. (Left) Cloudogram based on the STACEY analysis using 609 SNPs extracted from the 'fg37-phased_90p' dataset, with the 'root canal' (blue) summarizing the main features of the tree set. (Right) Summary of species delimitation schemes based on morphospecies sorting and for each analysis performed in this study, with each different colored bar (also labeled with different letters) representing a single species.