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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Additional data and models for the article "Role of metasomatism in the development of the East African Rift at the Northern Tanzanian Divergence: Insights from 3D magnetotelluric modelling."

Additional data and models for the article "Role of metasomatism in the development of the East African Rift at the Northern Tanzanian Divergence: Insights from 3D magnetotelluric modelling." This data package includes: 1-ModEM rho and dat format files of the final preferred model. 2-vtk version of this model 3-Scripts to plot the MT models 4-Water content models calculated with MATE 5-Scripts to plot the water content models 6-Parameter files used in water calculation with MATE 7- EDI files used in the model.

Functions of the Sulfatase-Modifying Factor 1 (HaSumf1) in the development and host glucosinolates adaptation of Helicoverpa armigera

In this study, we detailed the indicators of development of H. armigera, such as growth and development period, number of surviving larvae, body weight, pupa weight, and number, as well as the relative expression levels of HaSumf1 gene at different instars, and the third- and fifth-instars after feeding with glucosinolates and /or dsSumf1.

Developing crown width model for mixed forests using soil, climate, and stand factors

<ol> <li>The tree crown is a useful measure of tree vigor and is highly relevant to a tree's environmental adaptability. Crown allometry depends on environmental and stand conditions. Several studies have focused on the effects of climate change and competitive intensity on the crown, but the regulatory role of soil resources and diversity on crown allometry and carbon allocation has been neglected.</li> <li>Data from 20,994 trees in 232 mixed forests collected between 2011 and 2019 was located near four major mountain ranges in northeast China. The proposed crown width model includes the stand developmental stage, soil, climate, competition intensity, species mixture, species diversity, structural diversity, and their interactions.</li> <li>We observed that the cross-species allometric scaling exponent does not conform to the universal scaling law. Our results showed that crown width increased with increasing soil bulk density, quadratic mean diameter, and coefficient of diameter variation but decreased with increasing de Martonne aridity index, basal area, Simpson index, and species mixture. The interaction of quadratic mean diameter and soil bulk density had a significant negative effect on crown width. The influence of a particular factor within the interaction term on crown width was modulated by the gradients of other factors. Furthermore, soil bulk density contributed more to crown width modeling than the aridity index, and structural diversity had a greater effect on crown width than species diversity.</li> <li> Synthesis. Our results provide new insights into the environmental variability of crown allometry in mixed forests under global change, which is critical for improving regional and global estimates of forest biomass and carbon stocks.</li> </ol>

Crucial roles of the mesenchymal androgen receptor in Wolffian duct development

Wolffian duct maintenance and differentiation is predominantly driven by the androgen action, which is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). It is well established that the mesenchyme indicates the fate and differentiation of epithelial cells. However, in vivo developmental requirement of mesenchymal AR in Wolffian duct development is still undefined. By designing a mesenchyme-specific Ar knockout (ARcKO), we discovered that the loss of mesenchymal Ar led to the bilateral or unilateral degeneration of caudal Wolffian ducts and cystic formation at the cranial Wolffian ducts. Ex vivo culture of ARcKO Wolffian ducts invariably resulted in bilateral defects, suggesting that some factor(s) originating from surrounding tissues in vivo might promote Wolffian duct survival and growth even in the absence of mesenchymal Ar. Mechanistically, we found cell proliferation was significantly reduced in both epithelial and mesenchymal compartments; but cell apoptosis was not affected. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq of E14.5 mesonephroi revealed 131 differentially expressed genes. Multiple downregulated genes (Top2a, Wnt9b, Lama2 and Lamc2) were associated with morphological and cellular changes in ARcKO male embryos (i.e. reduced cell proliferation and decreased number of epithelial cells). Mesenchymal differentiation into smooth muscle cells that are critical for morphogenesis was also impaired in ARcKO male embryos. Taken together, our results demonstrate the crucial roles of the mesenchymal AR in Wolffian duct maintenance and morphogenesis in mice.

Phytoplankton optical fingerprint libraries for development of phytoplankton ocean color satellite products

Quantifying changes in phytoplankton communities using ocean color is essential for predicting ocean food resources, occurrences of harmful algal blooms, and carbon and other elemental cycles, among other predictions. Here we present a dataset of greater than fifty strains of phytoplankton, from a range of taxonomic lineages, geographic locations, and time in culture, alone and in mixtures, grown to exponential and/or stationary phase for determination of hyperspectral UV-VIS absorption coefficients, multi-angle and multi-spectral backscatter coefficients, volume scattering functions, particle size distributions, fluorescence, and hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance. The measurements obtained from these experiments are valuable to facilitate development of new global and/or regional ocean color models by the broader scientific community.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Women's Leadership in Sustainable Development

During the Sabai Webinar Series 5, hosted by the Shwetaungthagathu Reform Initiative Centre (SRIc), Burmese Young Experts, including Ms Tharaphe Hlaing, Gender and Women Rights Activist, Ms Vicky Thant Thitsa Aung, Vickey IELTS Educator (Myanmar Women Entrepreneur Network) and Ms Naychi Thel Kyaw Tun (YSEALI Women Leadership Academy) engaged in a discussion on Women's Leadership in Sustainable Development.  They highlighted the importance of women's leadership in sustainable development and challenges within Myanmar Women's Society.

opencc-by-sa-2.5Nov 2016View details →

Diet Development

Baker House Dormitory, Alvar Aalto, 1948 Bergisel Ski Jump, Zaha Hadid, 2002 Austrian Cultural Forum, Raimund Abraham, 2002 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-byApr 2017View details →

Developable Surface

Developable Surface (Surface développable), 1941 Bronze and silver gilt, 55 x 36.3 x 49.1 cm Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice 76.2553 PG 62 © Antoine Pevsner, by SIAE 2008 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC880BUJ1peB1DhkdHZ_k5Q Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Data from: facial growth and development trajectories based on 3D images: geometric morphometrics with a deformation perspective

Developmental changes of facial shape are commonly investigated through geometric morphometrics. A limitation with this approach is the inability to investigate patterns of morphological changes at local scale. This could be addressed through quantifying the deformation required to deform one shape to another. This study aimed to investigate changes in mean, rate, and variance of facial shape at local scale using geometric morphometrics through deformation perspective. 2112 Europeans 3 to 40 years-old from the 3D Facial Norms project were included. Shape and rate trajectories from partial least-squares regressions revealed that the developmentally protrusive nasal bridge was due to local expansion in surrounding tissues as opposed to shape changes in nasal bridge per-ser. Local expansion of the supraorbital region, in particular the medial part in males, resulted in the sloping forehead and deep-situated eyes with development. Facial shape variation increased non-linearly with age (p < 0.05), with features having larger rate of change becoming more developmentally diversified. In summary, our deformation perspective facilitates unravelling morphogenetic processes underlying shape changes. Our extended analytical scope inspires novel measures worthy of consideration while establishing facial growth charts. The analytical framework in this study is broadly applicable for analysis of shape changes in general.

The effect of ambient temperature on bird embryonic development: A comparison between uniparental incubating silver-throated tits and biparental incubating black-throated tits

The temperature experienced by avian embryos during development has important impacts on their growth and post-hatching phenotypes. Ambient temperature can directly affect avian nest temperature and indirectly affect it through its impact on parental incubation behaviours. Because the nests of uniparental incubators are usually left unattended more frequently than the nests of biparental incubators whose nests can be attended by another bird when one bird leaves the nest, we predict that the effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature and thus on embryonic development (specifically, incubation period length and hatching success) and post-hatching phenotype (i.e. potential carry-over effect on nestling body mass and condition) should be greater in uniparental incubators than in biparental incubators. To test this prediction, we studied two congeneric species, the biparental incubating black-throated tits (Aegithalos concinnus) and the uniparental incubating silver-throated tits (A. glaucogularis). We found that although the two species' embryos both developed faster (shorter incubation period length) when ambient temperature was higher, the slope was significantly greater for silver-throated tits than for black-throated tits, consistent with our prediction of a greater effect of ambient temperature on embryonic development in silver-throated tits. However, the result was not due to a greater effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature because nest temperatures of the two species had positive relationships with ambient temperature in a similar way. Therefore, it implies a greater response of silver-throated tit embryos to temperature change. In addition, ambient temperature during the incubation stage did not affect either hatching success or nestling body mass and condition in both species. Although our predictions were not fully supported, our findings highlight the different responses of embryonic development to environmental changes between a uniparental incubator and a biparental incubator and suggest further research to explore the mechanisms.

Effects of temperature on reproduction and development of Cyanopterus ninghais (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Cyanopterus ninghais (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a newly discovered gregarious ectoparasitoid, is a promising biological control agent against the third-fifth instar larvae of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Effects of constant ambient temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, and 32 ℃) on the reproduction and development of the parasitoid were determined in the laboratory. We investigated the reproductive parameters of C. ninghais, including the pre-oviposition period, parasitism rate, offspring number, emergence rate, and sex ratio, at these six temperatures using 4th-instar larvae of M. alternatus as hosts, and the developmental duration of each developmental stage (egg, larva, and pupa) and generation at six temperatures was also measured. The pre-oviposition periods of C. ninghais decreased gradually with increasing temperatures. Both the parasitism rates and the number of offspring exhibited a parabolic trend in relation to increasing temperatures. Temperature did not significantly affect the emergence rate and sex ratio of progeny. The duration of each developmental stage was inversely correlated with temperature within the range of 20 to 32 ℃. We concluded that temperatures in the range of 26 to 29 ℃ are the most suitable for the development and reproduction of C. ninghais. These findings provide important information for improving the artificial rearing efficiency and field release of this parasitoid under different temperature conditions.

A pan-cetacean MHC amplicon sequencing panel developed and evaluated in combination with genome assemblies

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic gene family that is crucial in immunity, and its diversity can be effectively used as a fitness marker for populations. Despite this, MHC remains poorly characterised in non-model species (e.g., cetaceans: whales, dolphins and porpoises) as high gene copy number variation, especially in the fast-evolving class I region, makes analyses of genomic sequences difficult. To date, only small sections of class I and IIa genes have been used to assess functional diversity in cetacean populations. Here, we undertook a systematic characterisation of the MHC class I and IIa regions in available cetacean genomes. We extracted full-length gene sequences to design pan-cetacean primers that amplified the complete exon2 from MHC class I and IIa genes in one combined sequencing panel. We validated this panel in 19 cetacean species and described 354 alleles for both classes. Furthermore, we identified likely assembly artefacts for many MHC class I assemblies based on the presence of class I genes in the amplicon data compared to missing genes from genomes. Finally, we investigated MHC diversity using the panel in 25 humpback and 30 southern right whales, including four paternity trios for humpback whales. This revealed copy-number variable class I haplotypes in humpback whales, which is likely a common phenomenon across cetaceans. These MHC alleles will form the basis for a cetacean branch of the Immuno-Polymorphism Database (IPD-MHC), a curated resource intended to aid in the systematic compilation of MHC alleles across several species, to support conservation initiatives.

Disturbance history alters the development of the HPA axis in altricial nestling birds

Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones regulate the vertebrate stress response and are secreted by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Acute elevation of GCs is thought be adaptive because it promotes physiological and behavioural changes that allow animals to cope with disturbances. In contrast, chronic elevation of GCs is associated with reduced body condition, immune function, reproductive success, and survival. In adult birds, the effects of chronic stress have been well documented, including human-related disturbances. In contrast, the effects of chronic stress on nestlings have rarely been addressed. This is of interest, as many ecological or monitoring studies of wild birds require nestlings to be regularly handled. However, the consequences of repeated handling of nestlings on HPA axis function and body mass o remain poorly quantified. We examined whether daily exposure to handling stress increased corticosterone (the dominant avian glucocorticoid) secretion and reduced pre-fledging body mass relative to undisturbed control nestlings of the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala), a native Australian passerine bird. Daily handling resulted in an elevated baseline and attenuated stress-induced corticosterone levels in disturbed 14-day nestlings, in comparison with control nestlings handled for the first time. Despite this, disturbed and control nestlings fledged at a similar body mass. Baseline and stress-induced corticosterone increased with nestling age but remained independent of nestling sex and hatching order. These findings suggest that chronic stress causes physiological alterations to the development of the HPA axis in nestling birds, in turn suggesting that researchers should minimise or account for handling stress in their experiments. These data also raise the possibility that other chronic stressors may have physiological consequences for the development of the HPA axis in nestling birds.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Public Management for Local Development: Perception from the Administrative Area of a Municipality in Peru

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception of the administrative department of a municipality regarding public management. Method: Qualitative approach through interviews. The sample consisted of 30 employees from the administrative department of a municipality in Peru. Results: It was found that the employees seem to have a clear understanding of the applied public management model and the organization of the administrative area. Responses regarding the management of financial, human, and material resources vary in accuracy and detail, suggesting a possible lack of knowledge in some areas. It is important to enhance communication clarity on these topics and provide precise information to ensure effective and transparent management within the municipality. Conclusion: Municipality employees demonstrate an understanding of their roles and face challenges in teamwork and bureaucracy. There is some confusion regarding the "New Public Management" and a lack of knowledge in resource management. Improving training, streamlining procedures, and fostering team participation in planning are crucial aspects. Furthermore, implementing periodic assessments is recommended to enhance administrative efficiency.

Genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity drive troglomorphic character development in European cavefish

The Aach cave loach (Barbatula barbatula), a recently discovered member of the Nemacheilidae family, offers a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms underlying evolutionary change. In a common garden experiment, we reared groups of laboratory-bred cave, surface, and hybrid loach under different light conditions. Troglomorphic characters varied significantly among the fish, influenced to a different extent by parental origin and light conditions. Cavefish progeny consistently exhibited smaller eyes, lighter pigmentation, longer barbels, and larger olfactory epithelia than surface fish, while hybrids displayed intermediate characteristics. Surface and hybrid fish raised in complete darkness resembled the cavefish phenotype, while cavefish raised under a natural photoperiod approached the surface form. Characters associated with eye degeneration were found to be primarily heritable. Conversely, traits related to chemo- and mechano-reception were enhanced in the surface and hybrid groups reared in complete darkness, suggesting phenotypic plasticity. Our findings offer valuable insights into the interplay between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity to troglomorphic adaption. This contributes to the broader understanding of the early stages of adaptation, where phenotypic plasticity, drift, and selection shape phenotypes. Relatively recently established cavefish, such as the Aach cave loach, are promising candidates for comparative research investigating evolutionary mechanisms.

Data from: Diverse pollen nutrition can improve the development of solitary bees but does not mitigate negative pesticide impacts

Floral resource loss and pesticide exposure are major threats to bees in intensively managed agroecosystems, but interactions among these drivers remain poorly understood. Altered composition and lowered diversity of pollen nutrition may reinforce negative pesticide impacts on bees. Here we investigated the development and survival of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis provisioned with three different pollen types, as well as a mixture of these types representing a higher pollen diversity. We exposed bees of each nutritional treatment to five pesticides at different concentrations in the laboratory. Two field-realistic concentrations of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulating insecticides (thiacloprid, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone), as well as of two fungicides (azoxystrobin and tebuconazole) were examined. We further measured the expression of two detoxification genes (CYP9BU1, CYP9BU2) under exposure to thiacloprid across different nutrition treatments as a potential mechanistic pathway driving pesticide-nutrition interactions. We found that more diverse pollen nutrition reduced development time, enhanced pollen efficacy (cocoon weight divided by consumed pollen weight) and pollen consumption, and increased weight of O. bicornis after larval development (cocoon weight). Contrary to fungicides, high field-realistic concentrations of all three insecticides negatively affected O. bicornis by extending development times. Moreover, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone also reduced pollen efficacy and cocoon weight, and sulfoxaflor reduced pollen consumption and increased mortality. The expression of detoxification genes differed across pollen nutrition types, but was not enhanced after exposure to thiacloprid. Our findings highlight that lowered diversity of pollen nutrition and high field-realistic exposure to nAChR modulating insecticides negatively affected the development of O. bicornis, but we found no mitigation of negative pesticide impacts through increased pollen diversity. These results have important implications for risk assessment for bee pollinators, indicating that negative effects of nAChR modulating insecticides to developing solitary bees are currently underestimated.

Data from: Dimensionality of locomotor behaviors in developing C. elegans

Adult animals display robust locomotion, yet the timeline and mechanisms of how juvenile animals acquire coordinated movements and how these movements evolve during development are not well understood. Recent advances in quantitative behavioral analyses have paved the way for investigating complex natural behaviors like locomotion. In this study, we tracked the swimming and crawling behaviors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from postembryonic development through to adulthood. Our principal component analyses revealed that adult C. elegans swimming is low dimensional, suggesting that a small number of distinct postures, or eigenworms, account for most of the variance in the body shapes that constitute swimming behavior. Additionally, we found that crawling behavior in adult C. elegans is similarly low dimensional, corroborating previous studies. Further, our analysis revealed that swimming and crawling are distinguishable within the eigenworm space. Remarkably, young L1 larvae are capable of producing the postural shapes for swimming and crawling seen in adults, despite frequent instances of uncoordinated body movements. In contrast, late L1 larvae exhibit robust coordination of locomotion, while many neurons crucial for adult locomotion are still under development. In conclusion, this study establishes a comprehensive quantitative behavioral framework for understanding the neural basis of locomotor development, including distinct gaits such as swimming and crawling in C. elegans.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 5. Homalia trichomanoides protonema day 127 in Preliminary Study Of Moss Homalia Trichomanoides (Hedw.) Brid. Gametophyte Development From Spores In Vitro

Fig. 5. Homalia trichomanoides protonema day 127 after inoculation.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Supplementary material to the study: "Understanding the interactions between biowaste valorization and selected Sustainable Development Goals: insights from an early transition stage"

This file includes supplementary material for the journal article: "Understanding the interactions between biowaste valorization and selected Sustainable Development Goals: insights from a national context at an early transition stage". The PDF file contains the interview guide, while the .xlsx file contains all other supplementary material.