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Figure 34 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 34. Anterior view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the left cranial ribs of extant lungfishes, anterior to the left: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 10 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 10. Left supraorbital of Protopterus annectens, AMNH 22455: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 5 mm. Sdp, descending process of the supraorbital; Slp, lateral process of the supraorbital.

Figure 8 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 8. Dermal ethmoid of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 2494: A, dorsal view; B, lateral. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 7 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 7. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; DS, dermosphenotic; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SP, splenialpostsplenial; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 6 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 6. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 5 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 5. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 2 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 2. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. A, angular; AC, anocleithrum; C, cartilage; CH, ceratohyal; CL, cleithrum; CLA, clavicle; CR, cranial rib; DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; OP, operculum; PR, prearticular; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; S, supraorbital; SO, suboperculum; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth; VE, vertebra.

Figure 4 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 4. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 1 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 1. The articulated skull of Protopterus annectens, AMNH 55226: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 1 cm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 3 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 3. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. A, angular; AC, anocleithrum; C, cartilage; CH, ceratohyal; CL, cleithrum; CLA, clavicle; CR, cranial rib; DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; OP, operculum; PR, prearticular; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; S, supraorbital; SO, suboperculum; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth; VE, vertebra.

Figs. 9–12 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Figs. 9–12. Bunites distigma (first-instar larva). 9–10) Labium, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively; 11) Anterior margin of prementum, dorsal aspect; 12) Apex of second labial palpomere, ventral aspect. LA ¼ labium. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Solid squares refer to additional setae. Scale bar ¼ 0.20 mm for Figs. 9–10.

Fig. 19 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Fig. 19. Strict consensus cladogram obtained from four most parsimonious topologies of 10 terminal taxa of first-instar larvae of Colymbetini, with character changes mapped for each clade. Jackknife values indicated inside the boxes. * ¼ homoplastic character state transformation, ― ¼ reversal to the plesiomorphic condition.

Figs. 16–18 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Figs. 16–18. Bunites distigma (first-instar larva). 16–17) Eighth abdominal segment, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively; 18) Urogomphus, dorsal aspect. AB ¼ eighth abdominal segment, UR ¼ urogomphus. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Additional setae and pores not labeled. Scale bars ¼ 0.20 mm.

Figs. 1–3 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Figs. 1–3. Bunites distigma (first-instar larva). 1) Habitus, dorsal aspect; 2–3) Cephalic capsule, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively. FR ¼ frontoclypeus, PA ¼ parietal. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Additional setae not labeled. Scale bar ¼ 1.00 mm for Fig. 1 and 0.30 mm for Figs. 2–3.

Figs. 13–15 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Figs. 13–15. Bunites distigma (first-instar larva). 13–14) Metathoracic leg, anterior and posterior aspects, respectively; 15) Distal portion of metatarsus, anterior aspect. CO ¼ coxa, FE ¼ femur, PT ¼ pretarsus, TA ¼ tarsus, TI ¼ tibia, TR ¼ trochanter. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Solid squares refer to additional setae. Scale bar ¼ 0.20 mm for Figs. 13–14.

Figs. 4–8 in Larval Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bunites distigma (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Colymbetinae: Colymbetini)

Figs. 4–8. Bunites distigma (first-instar larva). 4–5) Antenna, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively; 6) Mandible, dorsal aspect; 7–8) Maxilla, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively. AN ¼ antenna, MN ¼ mandible, MX ¼ maxilla. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Solid squares and solid triangles refer to additional setae and pores, respectively. Scale bars ¼ 0.20 mm.

Figures 25–30 in Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

Figures 25–30. Crematogaster workers, showing lateral view of body (A), full-face view of head (B) and dorsal view of body (C). 25, C. opuntiae (CASENT0922738); 26, C. marioni (CASENT0922734); 27, C. coarctata (CASENT0005667); 28, C. hespera holotype (USNMENT00529501); 29, C. browni (CASENT0922722); 30, C. emeryana (CASENT0922729). Images courtesy of AntWeb (www.antweb.org); photographers Wade Lee (25, 26, 29, 30), April Nobile (27), Michele Esposito (28).

Figures 31–36 in Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

Figures 31–36. Crematogaster workers, showing lateral view of body (A), full-face view of head (B) and dorsal view of body (C). 31, C. cerasi lectotype (USNMENT00529078); 32, C. vermiculata (CASENT0914534); 33, C. rifelna holotype (LACMENT164556); 34, C. ashmeadi (CASENT0922720); 35, C. pinicola (CASENT0172943); 36, C. pilosa (CASENT0914530). Images courtesy of AntWeb (www.antweb.org); photographers Michele Esposito (31, 33), Zach (Ziv) Lieberman (32, 36), Wade Lee (34), April Nobile (35).

Figures 3–12. Crematogaster worker features useful for identification. 3 in Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

Figures 3–12. Crematogaster worker features useful for identification. 3, petiole shape, dorsal view, C. lineolata (CASENT0863235) (3A) and C. torosa (CASENT0795540) (3B); 4, sculpture on declivitous face of propodeum, C. dentinodis (CASENT0863070) (4A) and C. depilis (CASENT0863478) (4B); 5, mesosomal pilosity, C. punctulata (CASENT0863277) (5A) and C. emeryana (CASENT0863099) (5B); 6, position and shape of propodeal spines, dorsal view, C. isolata (CASENT0863072) (6A) and C. pinicola (CASENT0882129) (6B); 7, petiole shape, dorsal view, C. mutans (CASENT0862488); 8, subpetiolar tooth, lateral view, C. mutans (CASENT0862488); 9, promesonotal sculpture, C. californica (CASENT0221085) (9A) and C. coarctata (CASENT0221962) (9B); 10, postpetiolar seta, C. browni (CASENT0863144) (10A) and C. cerasi (CASENT0795541) (10B); 11, cephalic pilosity, C. torosa (CASENT0795540) (11A) and C. missouriensis (CASENT0221041) (11B); 12, mesosomal profile, C. crinosa (CASENT0795543) (12A) and C. torosa (CASENT0863226) (12B).

Figures 40–47 in Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

Figures 40–47. Bivariate plots of selected worker measurements in the Crematogaster scutellaris group. 40, PP-SL (postpetiole seta length) by HW (head width) in C. browni (N = 16) and C. cerasi (N = 17); 41, ED (eye diameter) by MtFL (metafemur length) in C. californica (N = 22) and C. coarctata (N = 21); 42, MtFL (metafemur length) by HW (head width) in C. californica (N = 22), C. colei (N = 12) and C. opuntiae (N = 10); 43, MtFL (metafemur length) by HW (head width) in C. depilis (N = 15), C. detecta (N = 11) and C. larreae (N = 5); 44, MtTL (metatibia length) by HW (head width) in C. depilis (N = 15), C. detecta (N = 11) and C. larreae (N = 5); 45, SPL (propodeal spine length) by HW (head width) in workers of C. hespera (N = 18), C. laeviuscula (N = 25) and C. parapilosa (N = 15); 46, SL (scape length) by HW (head width) in C. emeryana (N = 12) and C. marioni (N = 18); 47, SPTD (propodeal spine tip distance) by HW (head width) in C. lineolata (N = 26) and C. punctulata (N = 15).