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2,078 results for “soil data”
Data from: The decline in plant biodiversity slows down soil carbon turnover under increasing nitrogen deposition in a temperate steppe
1. Nitrogen (N) deposition not only alters the physiological processes of individual plant, but also leads to worldwide biodiversity loss. However, little is known about how the hierarchical responses from individual physiological processes to plant community structure would have cascading effects on soil carbon (C) cycling. 2. Here, we assessed whether changes in plant chemistry and community composition under increasing N input would affect the turnover rate of litter layer and soil C loss via heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a temperate grassland. 3. We showed that more than a decade's N addition significantly decreased plant species richness, litter layer turnover rate and Rh. The 13C-NMR results showed that, for individual species, N addition either increased the abundance of recalcitrant C groups such as Alkyl and Methoxyl, or decreased labile C groups such as Carbohydrate, resulting in decreases in Carbohydrate C to Methoxyl C ratio (CC/MC) for most species. Our data also showed that with the increase in N deposition, the abundance of relatively high degradable dominant species, such as A. cristatum and A. frigida declined rapidly, and the relatively recalcitrant species such as P. bifurca and L. chinensis become dominate. Changes in individual species' chemistry and plant community composition significantly decreased litter quality at community level, as indicated by the lower community level CC/MC at higher N addition rates. 4. The result of step-AIC model selection further found that plant diversity loss and the decrease in community level CC/MC jointly best explained the decrease in Rh after N addition, and further relative importance partition result showed that these two factors respectively contributed 65.1% and 34.9% of the explained variation. 5. Overall, we demonstrated that changes in plant chemistry and diversity loss due to N addition reduced the quality of plant C input to soil, which further slowed down litter layer turnover rate and inhibited soil heterotrophic respiration. Our study complements the intermediate links of how shifts in plant community structure regulates soil C cycle under global changes.
Data from: GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown roots systems
Root systems develop different root types that individually sense cues from their local environment and integrate this information with systemic signals. This complex multi-dimensional amalgam of inputs enables continuous adjustment of root growth rates, direction and metabolic activity that define a dynamic physical network. Current methods for analyzing root biology balance physiological relevance with imaging capability. To bridge this divide, we developed an integrated imaging system called Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots (GLO-Roots) that uses luminescence-based reporters to enable studies of root architecture and gene expression patterns in soil-grown, light-shielded roots. We have developed image analysis algorithms that allow the spatial integration of soil properties, gene expression and root system architecture traits. We propose GLO-Roots as a system that has great utility in presenting environmental stimuli to roots in ways that evoke natural adaptive responses and in providing tools for studying the multi-dimensional nature of such processes.
Data from: Viral pathogen production in a wild grass host driven by host growth and soil nitrogen
Nutrient limitation is a basic ecological constraint that has received little attention in studies on virus production and disease dynamics. Nutrient availability could directly limit the production of viral nucleic acids and proteins, or alternatively limit host growth and thus indirectly limit metabolic pathways necessary for viral replication. In order to compare direct and indirect effects of nutrient limitation on virus production within hosts, we manipulated soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in a glasshouse for the wild grass host Bromus hordeaceus and the viral pathogen Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV. We found that soil N additions increased viral concentrations within host tissues, and the effect was mediated by host growth. Specifically, in statistical models evaluating the roles of host biomass production, leaf N and leaf P, viral production depended most strongly on host biomass, rather than the concentration of either nutrient. Furthermore, at low soil N, larger plants supported greater viral concentrations than smaller ones, whereas at high N, smaller plants supported greater viral concentrations. Our results suggest that enhanced viral productivity under N enrichment is an indirect consequence of nutrient stimulation to host growth rate. Heightened pathogen production in plants has important implications for a world facing increasing rates of nutrient deposition.
Data from: Aggregation but not organo-metal complexes contributed to C storage in tidal freshwater wetland soils
One of the many goals of wetland restoration is to promote the long-term storage of carbon (C) in the terrestrial biosphere. Unfortunately, soil C reservoirs in restored wetlands are slow to accumulate even after hydrology and plant communities are reestablished. Oftentimes wetland restoration changes the soil matrix and thus can dramatically alter how soil C is stored and processed. Our research investigated whether soil organic matter (SOM) preservation theories derived from studies in non-wetland soil systems can be extended to wetland soils. We examined C associated with water-stable soil aggregates, minerals, and metal oxides within habitats of one natural and one restored tidal freshwater wetland. This study revealed that a majority of the soil C in the natural site was associated with large macroaggregates (> 2000 μm), and soils from the restored site stored more C in small macroaggregates (> 250 to < 2000 μm). Despite these different associations, the chemical composition of SOM followed similar patterns across each aggregate-size class. Results from the sequential extraction procedure suggest organo-metal oxide complexes do not contribute to C stabilization in these habitats. This research is one of the few studies that have examined C stabilization related to soil structure in wetland soils. Our results suggest soil aggregate formation may be an important mechanism driving C stabilization, and that disruption to macroaggregates may limit C accumulation in restored wetlands. Additional empirical research and long-term field monitoring are needed to confirm linkages between aggregate-C stabilization and accumulation in wetland soils.
Data from: Convergent evolution in Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa on calamine metalliferous soils
It is a plausible hypothesis that parallel adaptation events to the same environmental challenge should result in genetic changes of similar or identical effects, depending on the underlying fitness landscapes. However, systematic testing of this is scarce. Here we examine this hypothesis in two closely related plant species, Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa, which co-occur at two calamine metalliferous (M) sites harbouring toxic levels of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium. We conduct individual genome resequencing alongside soil elemental analysis for 64 plants from eight populations on M and non-metalliferous (NM) soils, and identify genomic footprints of selection and local adaptation. Selective sweep and environmental association analyses indicate a modest degree of gene as well as functional network convergence, whereby the proximal molecular factors mediating this convergence mostly differ between site pairs and species. Notably, we observe repeated selection on identical single nucleotide polymorphisms in several A. halleri genes at two independently colonized M sites. Our data suggest that species-specific metal handling and other biological features could explain a low degree of convergence between species. The parallel establishment of plant populations on calamine M soils involves convergent evolution, which will probably be more pervasive across sites purposely chosen for maximal similarity in soil composition.
Data from: Changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and declining diversity along a 2-million-year soil chronosequence
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities covary with host plant communities along soil fertility gradients, yet it is unclear whether this reflects changes in host composition, fungal edaphic specialization or priority effects during fungal community establishment. We grew two co-occurring ECM plant species (to control for host identity) in soils collected along a 2-million-year chronosequence representing a strong soil fertility gradient and used soil manipulations to disentangle the effects of edaphic properties from those due to fungal inoculum. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition changed and richness declined with increasing soil age; these changes were linked to pedogenesis-driven shifts in edaphic properties, particularly pH and resin-exchangeable and organic phosphorus. However, when differences in inoculum potential or soil abiotic properties among soil ages were removed while host identity was held constant, differences in ECM fungal communities and richness among chronosequence stages disappeared. Our results show that ECM fungal communities strongly vary during long-term ecosystem development, even within the same hosts. However, these changes could not be attributed to short-term fungal edaphic specialization or differences in fungal inoculum (i.e. density and composition) alone. Rather, they must reflect longer-term ecosystem-level feedback between soil, vegetation and ECM fungi during pedogenesis.
Data from: Impact of antecedent soil moisture on runoff from a semiarid catchment
<p>Antecedent soil moisture is an important factor in the generation of runoff, but guidance for modeling moisture conditions in semiarid catchments is limited and conflicting. In this study, the impact of antecedent moisture was assessed at the plot scale (2.8 m<sup>2</sup>) using a portable rainfall simulator, and at the catchment scale based on observed precipitation and discharge for a 2.8 km<sup>2</sup> watershed in central New Mexico. Performance of three loss models commonly used for hydrologic analysis in the southwestern U.S. was tested at both scales. High initial moisture content led to substantially higher runoff ratios at both scales, confirming the importance of antecedent soil moisture for runoff predictions in semiarid drainages. Hydrologic parameters estimated based on plot experiments, however, were highly variable and cannot easily be upscaled to the catchment scale. Loss model performance was clearly scale dependent: more simplistic (one- and two parameter) loss methods out-performed a more complex (four parameter) model at the watershed scale, while the opposite held true for test plot simulations. At the catchment scale, all models performed poorly for small runoff events, but yielded acceptable results for storms causing large discharges if antecedent soil moisture was considered. Failing to account for antecedent moisture led to simulated runoff volume errors up to one order of magnitude.</p>
Data from: Grazing and nitrogen addition restructure the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities
<p>1. In grassland ecosystems, large herbivorous animal grazing activity and increasing nitrogen deposition strongly alters microbial community structure and function. Understanding the effects of grazing and nitrogen addition on the spatial heterogeneity in soil microbial community structure, enzymatic activities and the underlying mechanisms are crucial for making better predictions of soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient cycling. </p> <p>2. We examined the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activity associated with changes in soil microclimate, soil characteristics, plant biomass and soil nutrient responses to grazing and nitrogen addition using a manipulative experiment with control (CK), grazing (G), nitrogen addition (N) and grazing plus nitrogen addition (NG) treatments in a <i>Leymus chinensis </i>meadow steppe, in northeastern China. </p> <p>3. The results demonstrated that soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities showed a high level of spatial dependence [C/(C + C0)≥0.9] in the CK plot. G, N and NG treatments not only reduced the spatial variability ofsoil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities, but also reshaped the spatial links between enzymes activities and microbial community structure. Litter biomass, soil temperature and soil nutrients (soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen or soil dissolved organic carbon) explained 21-27% of the spatial variability of soil microbial community structure in the CK treatment and pH was the strongest driver for the spatial variability of soil enzymatic activities. Meanwhile, the homogenization in soil water content induced by the N addition treatment was a determinant of the reduction in spatial heterogeneity of the microbial community structure. The combination of soil physicochemical properties (bulk density, soil pH and soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen), soil temperature and root biomass explained 32-43% of the spatial variability of the microbial community structure in the G treatment, and N and G treatments had additive effects on the spatial heterogeneity of total PLFAs by homogenizing root biomass. Plant biomass and microbial community structure were the major drivers for the spatial heterogeneity of enzymatic activities under G, N and NG. In NG, the change in spatial variability of enzymatic activities was dominated by N addition. Regardless of grazing, N addition facilitated the spatial correlation between microbial community structure and enzyme activities. </p> <p>4. Overall, our results revealed the drivers of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities spatial pattern shift due to grazing and N addition, highlighting the role that spatial variability in soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities has on the <i>L. chinensis</i> meadow steppe.</p>
Site data and PLFA obtained along a rainfall and soil type gradient in the Sahel region of West Africa 2019-2020 (PRJNA930013)
<p>The Sahel of West Africa is a vulnerable biome that is experiencing rapid population growth, agricultural intensification, and soil degradation that threatens food security. A potential solution is intercropping with the indigenous shrub, <em>Guiera senegalensis</em>, that coexists with crops to varying degrees in farmers’ fields throughout the Sahel. Previous research of the Optimized Shrub-intercropping System (OSS) with <em>G. senegalensis</em> (high density of ~1200 1500 shrubs ha<sup>-1</sup> ) with annual incorporation of coppiced residue) has been shown to dramatically improve pearl millet (<em>Pennisetum glaucum</em>) yield; attributed in part to improved soil quality, nutrient availability, water use efficiency and harboring a distinct and active microbial community that may confer benefits to surrounding crops. Whether this microbial response is consistent over a climate and soil type gradient in farmers’ fields has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective was to determine the microbiomes and metabolic pathways of millet root zone soil in the presence or absence of <em>G. senegalenis</em>, sampled along a north-south soil and rainfall gradient in farmers’ fields. The experimental design was a completely randomized 3 X 2 factorial (2 landscape replications) with the following treatments: three rainfall (450 to 750 mm per annum)/soil type gradient sites north to south in the Senegal Peanut Basin and two sampling location treatments (millet root zone soil within and outside the influence of the <em>G.</em> <em>senegalensis</em>). <em>G. senegalensis</em> shifted certain predicted bacterial metabolic pathways and enriched certain bacterial and fungal genera, some of which are known to have plant growth promoting properties. These positive shrub effects were most evident at the northern site that has low rainfall and low organic matter soils. Here we share soil chemical, plant and PLFA datasets obtained in the 2019- 2020 sampling seasons and related to metagenomic data publicly available via NCBI PRJNA930013.</p>
Data from: Looking back to look ahead: a vision for soil denitrification research
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Data from: A replicated climate change field experiment reveals rapid evolutionary response in an ecologically important soil invertebrate
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Data from: Use of elastic stability analysis to explain the stress-dependent nature of soil strength
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Data from: Effects of biochar on fate and toxicity of herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl in soil
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Data from: Impacts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels on cytotype performance of the circumboreal herb, Chamerion angustifolium: implications for polyploid establishment
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Data from: Plant community evenness responds to spatial plant-soil feedback heterogeneity primarily through the diversity of soil conditioning
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Data from: When mutualisms matter: Rhizobia effects on plant communities depend on host plant population and soil nitrogen availability
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Data from: Pervasive and strong effects of plants on soil chemistry: a meta-analysis of individual plant ‘Zinke’ effects
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Data from: The impact of tropical forest logging and oil palm agriculture on the soil microbiome
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Data from: Life history determines biogeographical patterns of soil bacterial communities over multiple spatial scales
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Data from: Species-specific plant-soil feedback effects on above-ground plant-insect interactions
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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