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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Data from: Ancestral reconstruction of reproductive traits shows no tendency toward terrestriality in Leptodactyline frogs
Background:Traditionally, the evolution of terrestrial reproduction in anurans from ancestors that bred in water has been accepted in the literature. Still, the existence of intermediate stages of water dependency, such as species that lay eggs close to water (e.g., in burrows) instead of in bodies of water, supports the hypothesis of an ordered and gradual evolution in the direction of a more terrestrial form of reproduction. However, this conventional view has recently been challenged for some anurans groups. Leptodactylinae frogs are a remarkable example of anurans with an outstanding diversity in terms of reproductive features, with distinct water dependency among lineages. Here, we tested the hypothesis of a gradual and ordered tendency towards terrestriality in Leptodactylinae, including the existence of obligatory intermediate stages, such as semi-terrestrial reproductive strategies. We also addressed the association between reproductive modes and the morphological and ecological features. Results: An ancestral reconstruction analysis indicated that even though shifts from aquatic to terrestrial breeding occurred throughout the history of Leptodactylus and Adenomera, shifts from terrestrial to aquatic reproduction happened at almost the same frequency. Our results also demonstrated that reproductive modes for semi-terrestrial tadpoles were not necessarily an intermediate form between aquatic and terrestrial breeds. Correlations among reproductive modes and other life-history traits suggested that tadpole environment, clutch size, nuptial spines, and egg pigmentation were co-evolving and driven by water dependency. Conclusions: Our results found no evidence of evolutionary tendencies toward terrestriality in Leptodactylinae. We found reversals from terrestrial to aquatic tadpole development and no evidence of obligatory intermediate stages, such as semi-terrestrial reproductive strategies. We also found correlations between reproductive modes and other life-history traits driven by water dependence. Aquatic reproductive modes are associated with higher clutch sizes, lentic waters, and the presence of nuptial spines and egg pigmentation.
Data from: Context-dependent colonisation of terrestrial habitat 'islands' by a long-distance migrant bird
Landscape context can affect how individuals perceive patch quality during colonisation. However, although context-dependent colonisation has been observed in aquatic environments it has rarely been studied in terrestrial environments or at large spatial scales. Here, we assessed how landscape context influenced colonisation rates in a large-scale (c.7000 km2) terrestrial system where colonisers (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus) are capable of rapid, long-distance movements. Bioacoustic recorders were used to detect first song dates (an indicator of colonisation or re-colonisation) and settlement in 23 naturally replicated habitat patches. We compared support for three competing hypotheses describing colonisation patterns that depend on landscape context ('redirection', 'landscape-selection' and 'relative patch size') with two patch-level hypotheses (patch 'quality' and 'heterospecific attraction'). First song was earlier when habitat availability in the landscape was low, supporting the 'redirection' hypothesis. Settlement probability was best predicted by patch 'quality' and was lower in woodlands with a dense understorey. Results suggest that colonisation of habitat patches by male P. trochilus after spring migration is spatially hierarchical. First, initial colonisation depends on landscape context, and settlement is then determined by fine-scale vegetation characteristics. More broadly, we suggest that patterns observed in fragmented aquatic environments (e.g. 'redirection') can, in some circumstances, be extended to large-scale terrestrial environments.
FIGURES 24–25. Bipalium vagum n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 24–25. Bipalium vagum n. sp. 24. Longitudinal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus, anterior to the right (cf. Fig. 25). Scale lines 1 mm. 25. Micrograph of a longitudinal section through the copulatory apparatus, anterior to the right (cf. Fig. 24).
FIGURES 20–23. Bipalium vagum n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 20–23. Bipalium vagum n. sp. 20. Dorsal view of the head. 21. Ventral view of the head. 22. Transverse section. 23. Longitudinal section of the pharynx.
FIGURES 6–8. Amaga expatria n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 6–8. Amaga expatria n. sp. Holotype. 6. Diagram of the copulatory apparatus reconstructed from longitudinal sections (cf. Fig. 7). Anterior is to the left. Scale line 1 mm. 7. Montage of micrographs of longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus (cf. Fig. 6). Anterior is to the left. Scale line 1 mm. 8. Section, lateral to that of Fig. 7, through the posterior part of vagina showing the relationship of the ovovitelline ducts and vagina. Same scale.
FIGURES 16–19. Gigantea gouvernoni n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 16–19. Gigantea gouvernoni n. sp. Micrographs of longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus (cf. Fig. 14). Sections are about 1 mm high. 16. Through the expanded sperm ducts on one side. 17. Through the straight part of the ejaculatory duct of the penis and the gonopore. 18. Through the vagina and the gonopore. 19. Through the convoluted part of the ejaculatory duct.
FIGURES 1–5. Amaga expatria n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 1–5. Amaga expatria n. sp. Holotype. 1. Whole worm, preserved. The two dotted oval outlines indicate the positions of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. Regions removed for transverse (ts) and longitudinal (ls) sectioning are indicated by dashed lines. Length approximately 80 mm. 2–4. Eye distribution traced from cleared specimen. Scale lines 1 mm. 2. Lateral view of left side of anterior end. 3. Dorsal view of right side about a quarter of the way from the anterior end. 4. Dorsal view of right side adjacent to the pharynx. Dashed line in 3 & 4 represents the midline. 5. Transverse section anterior to the pharynx. Scale line 1 mm.
FIGURES 9–15. Gigantea gouvernoni n in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, with three new species) and nemertines of Bermuda
FIGURES 9–15. Gigantea gouvernoni n. sp. 9. Whole preserved worm, anterior to the right. Scale line 1cm. 10. Dorsalright view of the anterior end showing the arrangement of eyes (ground color pigmentation not shown). Scale line 1 mm. 11. Arrangement of eyes at the level of the most anterior testes, dorsalright view. Scale line 1 mm. 12. Paratype (not fully mature): transverse section. The ventral epidermis and subcutaneous muscle has partially separated from the rest of the tissue. Scale line 1 mm. 13. Paratype: longitudinal section through the pharynx. Scale line 1 mm. 14. Holotype: longitudinal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (cf. Fig. 16–19). Anterior to the left. Scale line 1 mm. 15. Paratype (not fully mature): Longitudinal section though the copulatory apparatus. Scale line 1 mm.
Data from: Scale-dependent effects of terrestrial habitat on genetic variation in the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
<p><b>Context</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Terrestrial landscapes surrounding aquatic habitat influence the persistence of amphibian spatially structured populations (SSPs) via their crucial role in providing estivation and overwintering sites, facilitating or hampering dispersal and colonisation, and consequently the maintenance or loss of genetic diversity.</p> <p><b>Objectives</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">To highlight the landscape drivers of genetic variation, we investigated the relationship between the level of genetic variation measured within ponds of the great crested newt (<i>Triturus cristatus</i>), and the composition of the surrounding landscape at various spatial scales.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Based on the sampling of 40 ponds in thirteen SSPs, the influence of landscape features on several estimators of genetic variation was investigated via linear mixed models, with effects within and between SSPs incorporated.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">The best models depended on the spatial scale, with more significant associations within radii of 50 and 100 m of core ponds, particularly for allelic richness. Responses within and between SSPs were mostly similar. The availability of aquatic habitat in the landscape had a positive effect, while woodland, arable land and pasture had different effects depending on scale and response variable. Total length of roads within a 250 m radius influenced effective population size negatively.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Our results stress the need to investigate the influence of environmental predictors at multiple spatial scales for an adequate understanding of ongoing processes. Generally, the landscape affected genetic variation similarly within and between SSPs. This allowed us to provide general guidelines for the persistence of great crested newt populations, with an emphasis on the importance of the aquatic habitat.</p>
FIGURE 15 A–F in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 15 A–F: Stigonema parallelum. A: General aspect of a thallus. B–D: Parallel filaments. E: Branched filament. F: Filament forming a hormogonium. Scales: Scales: 10 µm.
FIGURE 14 A–R in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 14 A–R: Stigonema parallelum. A: Filament with a lateral heterocyte. B: Detail of filaments with lamellated sheaths. C–F: Parallel filaments forming hormogonia. G: Long filament with short branches. H–J: Details of apices. K: Germinating hormogonia. L–R: Development of filaments and releasing of hormogonia (life cycle). Scales: 10 µm in A (use for A, B), C (use for C–D), E, F (use for F–K) and L (use for L–R).
FIGURE 11 A–M in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 11 A–M: Stigonema corticola. A: General aspect of a thallus. B, C: Branched filaments. D: Young filament. E: Branches with agglomerated cells. F–H: Details of apex. I: Filament with a lateral heterocyte. J: Detail of a multiseriate filament. K: Initial stages of branching near the apex. L: Formation of hormogonium. M: Apex after releasing hormogonium. Scales: 10 µm in A (use for A, E), B (use for B–D), F (use for F–H), I and J (use for J–M).
FIGURE 10 A–F in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 10 A–F: Stigonema crassivaginatum. A: General aspect of a thallus. B–D: Details of branching. E: Detail of an apex. F: Lamellated sheaths. Scales: 50 µm in A and 10 µm in B–F.
FIGURE 12 A–I in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 12 A–I: Stigonema corticola. A: Uniseriate filament with lateral heterocyte. B–D: Mostly uniseriate filaments. E: Richly branched filaments. F–H: Agglomerated cells. I: Formation of a hormogonium. Scales: 10 µm in A (use for A–I).
FIGURE 9 A–H in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 9 A–H: Stigonema crassivaginatum. A: Branched filament with attenuated ends. B: Strictly uniseriate filaments. C: Formation of a hormogonium. D–F: Morphological variability of cells and apex. G: Sheaths with parallel lamellae. H: Sheaths with divergent lamellae. Scales: 10 µm in A (use for A–C), D (use for D–F) and G (use for G, H).
FIGURE 8 A–I in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 8 A–I: Stigonema tomentosum. A: Fasciculated filaments. B: Detail of biseriate filament. C: Detail of apex of branches. D: Branched filaments. E, F: Hormogonia. G: Initial stage of branching. H: Parallel erect branching. I: Branched uniseriate filaments. Scales: 10 µm A, B (use for B, C), D, E (use for E–H) and I.
FIGURE 7 A–F in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 7 A–F: Stigonema flexuosum. A: Detail of a biseriate filament. B: Branch after the release of a hormogonium. C: Branch forming a terminal hormogonium. D: Detail of a branch. E, F: Branched filaments with heterocytes. Scale: 10 µm in A (use for A–F).
FIGURE 6 A–E in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 6 A–E: Stigonema fremyi. A, B: General aspects of thallus. C–E: Details of attenuated branches. Scales: 10 µm in A, B, C (use for C–E).
FIGURE 5 A–F in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 5 A–F: Stigonema cf. minutum. A: General aspect of a thallus. B: Unilateral branching. C–D: Branches after releasing hormogonia. E–F: Details of main filaments. Scales: 10 µm.
FIGURE 4 A–J in Phenotypic studies on terrestrial stigonematacean Cyanobacteria from the Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 4 A–J: Stigonema cf. minutum. A–G: General aspect of a thallus. H: Branches forming hormogonia at the ends. I: Young filament. J.: Detail of apex with epiphytic filament of Heteroleibleinia sp.. Scales: 10 µm A (use for A–D) and E–J.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.