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Fig. 2 in The Second Ural Centrum in Siluriformes and Its Implication for the Monophyly of Superfamily Sisoroidea (Teleostei, Ostariophysi)

Fig. 2. Caudal skeleton of Helicophagus waandersii (Pangasiidae; UMMZ 186797, 77 mm SL). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIG. 10 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 10.— Examples of drilled brachiopods from the Upper Oligocene of the Aquitaine Basin,SW France:A, Joania cordata (Risso, 1826),ventral valve,Abesse,MNHN.F.A46551;B, C, Megathiris detruncata (Gmelin,1791),ventral valve and a close-up image of drill hole,Bélus,MNHN.F.A46506; D, E, Lacazella mediterranea (Risso, 1826), ventral valve and close-up of drill hole, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46552; F, G, M. detruncata, dorsal valve and close-up of drill hole, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46554; H, I, L. mediterranea, dorsal valve and close-up of drill hole, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46553; J, Terebratulina retusa (Linnaeus, 1758), dorsal valve, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46555; K, L, L. mediterranea, dorsal view of complete specimen and a close-up image of drill hole, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46556. All SEM. Scale bars: A, I, L, 500 µm; B-D, G, H, J, K, 1 mm; E, 200 µm; F, 2 mm.

FIG. 7. — Joania peyrerensis n in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 7. — Joania peyrerensis n. sp., Upper Oligocene: A-C, ventral and dorsal views of complete specimen, and enlargement of posterior part to show details of the beak, holotype MNHN.F.A46532, Peyrère; D, E, inner and oblique lateral views of dorsal valve, paratype MNHN.F.A46533, Bélus; F-I, inner view of ventral valve, enlargement of posterior part (G) and details of left tooth (H) and enlargement of anterior part (I) to show radial ridges terminating anteriorly in tubercules, paratype MNHN.F.A46534, Bélus. All SEM. Scale bars: A, B, D-F, 1 mm; C, G, I, 500 µm; H, 100 µm.

FIG. 2. — A-D in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 2. — A-D, Novocrania anomala (Müller, 1776), Upper Oligocene; A, B, outer and inner views of ventral valve, Peyrère, MNHN. F.A46481; C, D, inner views of dorsal valves, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46483 and MNHN.F.A46484; E-H, Terebratulina retusa (Linnaeus, 1758), Upper Oligocene, Peyrère; E, dorsal view of young complete specimen, MNHN.F.A46485; F, inner view of dorsal valve to show a brachial skeleton, young individual, SEM, MNHN.F.A46486; G, H, dorsal and lateral views of complete specimen, MNHN.F.A46487. Scale bars: A-D, 2 mm; F, 500 µm; G, H, 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 3. — Megathiris detruncata (Gmelin, 1791), Upper Oligocene, Abesse: A, B, D, dorsal views of complete specimens, MNHN.F.A46491-A46493;C, inner view of ventral valve,MNHN.F.A46494;E, inner view of dorsal valve of young individual,MNHN.F.A46495; F-M, inner and oblique views of dorsal valves, and enlargements (H, M) to show details of septa and loop, MNHN.F.A46496-A46498. All SEM. Scale bars: A, H, 500 µm; B, D-G, K-M, 1 mm; C, I, J, 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 9. — Lacazella mediterranea (Risso, 1826), Upper Oligocene: A-C, dorsal views of complete specimens: A, C, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46537-A46538; B, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46544; D, E, inner view of ventral valve and tilted enlargement (E) to show hemispondylium, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46545; F, inner view of ventral valve, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46539; G, inner view of dorsal valve, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46546; H, I, inner and posterior views of dorsal valve, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46540; J, inner view of dorsal valve, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46541; K, L, inner view of dorsal valve and enlargement (L) of the trifurcating median ramus-ramuli complex, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46542. All SEM. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G-I, L, 1 mm; C, F, J, K, 2 mm.

FIG. 8 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 8. — Megerlia truncata (Linnaeus, 1767), Upper Oligocene, Peyrère (MNHN.F.A46535), complete specimen in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Scale bar: 3 mm.

FIG. 1 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 1. — Map of the Aquitaine Basin, SW France showing the extension of the Chattian marine deposits (dotted line) and the localities of brachiopod fauna; heavy lines denote anticlinal ridges (simplified after Cahuzac et al. 1995).

FIG. 6 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 6. — Joania cordata (Risso, 1826), Upper Oligocene: A-C, dorsal views of complete specimens; A, Estoti, MNHN.F.A46523, B, C, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46526-A46527; D, inner view of ventral valve, Bélus, MNHN.F.A46529; E, F, inner and oblique lateral views of dorsal valve, young individual, Estoti, MNHN.F.A46524; G-I, inner, oblique lateral views of dorsal valve, and enlargement of anterior part to show septum and connection with a loop, Bélus, MNHN.F.A46530. All SEM. Scale bars: A, E, F, H, I, 500 µm; B-D, G, 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 5. — Argyrotheca bitnerae Dulai, 2011, Upper Oligocene: A, dorsal view of complete specimen, Peyrère, MNHN.F.A46513; B, C, dorsal view of complete specimen and enlargement of the umbonal part to show details of the beak, Abesse, MNHN.F.A46515; D, E, inner view of ventral valve and enlargement of umbonal part to show details of pedicle collar and teeth, Estoti, MNHN.F.A46518; F, G, inner view of dorsal valve and enlargement of cardinalia (G), Bélus,MNHN.F.A46521;H, I, inner and oblique lateral views of dorsal valve,visible high median septum without serrations,Estoti,MNHN.F.A46519; J-M, inner and oblique lateral views of dorsal valve, and enlargement of descending branches buttressed the septum (L) and cardinalia (M), Abesse, MNHN.F.A46516.All SEM.Scale bars:A, B, D, 1 mm; C, E, F, H-K, 500 µm; G, L, M, 200 µm.

FIG. 4 in Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

FIG. 4. — Argyrotheca cuneata (Risso, 1826), Peyrère, Upper Oligocene; A, dorsal view of complete specimen, MNHN.F.A46507; B-E, inner and oblique lateral views of dorsal valves MNHN.F.A46508-A46509; F, G, ventral and dorsal interiors of one specimen, MNHN.F.A46510-A46511. All SEM. Scale bars: A, D, E, 1 mm; B, C, F, G, 500 µm.

FIG. 30 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 30. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length, with data pooled by family (appendix 3).

FIG. 28 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 28. Reconstruction of orientation of head of A, Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 and B, horse (following De Beer, 1947), as they might appear in state of normal visual alertness.

FIG. 29 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 29. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length in fore- and hindgut fermenters (pooled as such). Foregut and hindgut fermenters are not significantly different, whether data were analyzed all together as here or pooled by family (see fig. 30 and appendix 3).

FIG. 27. 3D in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 27. 3D model of skull and inner ear of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, showing angular relationship between plane of lateral semicircular canal (LSC) and that of skull floor (basal plane), following De Beer (1947).

FIG. 22 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 22. Cerebral endocast of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cast of cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cast of cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) transiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) transiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, cast of hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, cast of olfactory bulb; och, optic chiasm; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, cast of orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, cast of paraflocculus; pl, cast of piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN IV, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, cast of vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 23 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 23. Cerebral endocast of Tetramerorhinus lucarius (= Proterotherium cavum AMNH 9245) from Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) exiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, olfactory bulb; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, paraflocculus; pl, piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN VI, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 24 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 24. Palate of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, with detail of dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); ef, enamel fossette; I, incisor (alveolus); M, molar; met, metastyle; mev, metacone valley; mst, mesostyle; P, premolar; pat, parastyle; pav, paracone valley.

FIG. 20 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 20. Model of right petrosal of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, based on 3D reconstructions from micro-CT data, in A, tympanic, B, oblique, and C, cerebellar views. In order to adequately expose the facial sulcus (fsl) and track of the greater petrosal nerve (hnpm), it was necessary to digitally remove the bone obscuring structures, including the sidewall of the cavum supracochleare (cs) (see text). Other abbreviations: can, external aperture of cochlear canaliculus; cr.tr, crista transversa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; fai, inferior acoustic foramen; fas, superior acoustic foramen; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; ff, foramen faciale; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; iam, internal acoustic meatus; jn, notch for jugular foramen; pr, promontorium; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; saf, subarcuate fossa; sips, sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus. Asterisk (*) indicates preparation artifact.

FIG. 19. A–B in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 19. A–B, Virtual subcoronal sections of basicranium of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; chl, cochlea; Ec, ectotympanic; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); iam, internal acoustic meatus; me, middle ear space; Pe, petrosal; pr, promontorium; S, stapes; Sq, squamosal; tvs, transverse sinus; VII, passageway of the facial nerve (CN VII); 1, RTPP contacting ectotympanic; 2, crista tympanica?