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FIGURE 3 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 3. Basic units of snake trunk vertebrae. A-E are from a fossil colubrine, and F is from a fossil natricid. A: trunk vertebra in dorsal view. B: trunk vertebra in ventral view. C: trunk vertebra in left lateral view. D: trunk vertebra in anterior view. E: trunk vertebra in posterior view. F: trunk vertebrae in left lateral view. Abbreviations: C, centrum; CD, condyle; CT, cotyle; D, diapophysis; HE, hemapophysis; HK, hemal keel; HY, hypapophysis; IR interzygapophyseal ridge; LY, lymphapophyses; NA, neural arch; NC, neural canal; NS, neural spine; P, parapophysis; PCF, paracotylar foramen; PLE, pleurapophysis; PO, postzygapophysis; POA, postzygapophyseal articular facet; PR, prezygapophysis; PRA, prezygapophyseal articular facet; PRP, prezygapophyseal accessory process; SF, subcentral foramen; SG, subcentral groove; SN, synapophyses; SR, subcentral ridge; ZG, zygantrum; ZGF, zygantral articular facet; ZY, zygosphene; ZYF, zygosphenal articular facet.

FIGURE 8 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 8. Posterior trunk vertebra of Salvadora paleolineata from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and left lateral views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 12. Posterior middle trunk vertebra of Nerodia sp., from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 7. Trunk vertebra of Pantherophis kansensis from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 11. Trunk vertebra of Neonatrix magna from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 10. Posterior trunk vertebra of Neonatrix elongata from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5-12 Ma) of North America

FIGURE 6. Trunk vertebra of Lampropeltis similis from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 8. Comparison of the two beak larvae to a larva of Coniopterygidae. A. Larva (specimen 6802) from Haug et al. (2020b). B. New beak larva (specimen 6803, based on Figure 5B). C. Larva of Aleuropteryx loewi (based on several figures from Rousset, 1966).

FIGURE 6 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 6. Additional specimens of larvae of Sisyridae preserved in Baltic amber. Images kindly provided by Jonas Damzen (JD) and Marius Veta (RMV). A. JD 6345, specimen 6503, in ventral view, 3.5 mm long. B, C. RMV 2380, specimen 6504, 3 mm long. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. D, E. JD 4198, specimen 6505, 4 mm long. D. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. F, G. RMV 2793, specimen 6506, 2 mm long. F. Left lateral view. G. Right lateral view. H, I. RMV 2794, specimen 6507, 3.2 mm long. H. Lateral view. I. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 7 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 7. Scatterplot of PC2 vs. PC1. Note how the two beak larvae (specimens 6802 + 6803) plot together with larvae of Coniopterygidae.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 4. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803. A. Dorsal view; posterior part not well accessible. B. Colour-marked version of A. Abbreviations: 1t = trunk appendage 1; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; pl = palp; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 5 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 5. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803, continued. A. Ventral view; details not well accessible; posterior end not inside the amber. B. Close-up on head in dorsal view. C. Close up on trunk appendage 1 in dorsal view. D. Same as C; estimated outline of appendage, visible through tergite outlined in red. Abbreviations: at = antenna; "b" = beak; pl = palp.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 3. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 7122, specimen 6502. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on trunk end. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.

FIGURE 24 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 24. Length and width dimensions for coprolites investigated for cuticle in this work (red dots), overlain on a summary of Wood and Wilmshurst (2014, fig. 3). The blue curve contains the range of genetically confirmed moa coprolites in their study, and the small yellow dot indicates the size of their one genetically determined kakapo coprolite, and the green are those of their 'putative' kakapo coprolites. There is a clear group of coprolites in the present study which are well beyond the range of even 'putative' kakapo, and are regarded as moa (Coprolites-11, 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 51, 58, 60, 62, 78, 110, 111).

FIGURE 1 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 1. Fossil larva of Coniopterygidae from Baltic amber, CCHH 540-1, specimen 6301. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Close-up of head in ventral view. F. Close-up on right hind leg; arrows mark claws. G. Close-up of hind leg; arrows mark claws. Abbreviations: a1–a8 = abdomen segment 1–8; at = antenna; cx = coxa; e1–3 = element 1–3; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; st = stemmata; ta = tarsus; te = trunk end; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter.

FIGURE 2 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 2. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 1383, specimen 6501. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D; arrows mark stemmata. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on processes on trunk segments. Abbreviations: a3–a7 = abdomen segment 3–7; at = antenna; gi = gills; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; te = trunk end.

FIGURE 23 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 23. Coprolites regarded here as moa, based on their size (scale bar equals 30 mm). A. Coprolite-25, containing Poaceae (Shelter-32). B. Coprolite-26, containing Pseudopanax ferox, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Sophora microphylla (Shelter-32). C. Coprolite-15, containing Coprosma sp., Olearia sp, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Pseudopanax ferox, Rubus sp., Sophora microphylla (Shelter-102). D. Coprolite-111, containing Sophora microphylla, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Rubus sp.,?Hebe (Shelter-50). E. Coprolite-16, containing Sophora microphylla, Hebe?cupressoides (Shelter-102). F. Coprolite-62, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-70). G. Coprolite-14, containing Hebe cupressoides, Sophora microphylla, Rubus sp., Pittosporum tennuifolium (Shi.e. elter-102). H. Coprolite-60, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-103).

FIGURE 22 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 22. Pseudopanax leaf (reflected light) and cuticle morphology (transmitted light microscopy). A. Intact Pseudopanax ferox leaf (LX3111, Shelter-37, scale bar equals 10 mm). B. Pseudopanax ferox stomatal complexes on abaxial surface (LX2711, Shelter-1, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Pseudopanax ferox (LX5490, Coprolite-15, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH5338, scale bar equals 100 μm). E. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface also showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH9835, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 21 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 21. Pittosporum tenuifolium cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Paracytic stomatal complexes on adaxial surface with a relatively sharply bounded trichome base at lower left (LX2576, Shelter-63, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Paracytic stomatal complexes on abaxial surface with a more typical indistinctly bounded trichome base at upper right (LX2455, Shelter-111, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 20 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 20. Olearia sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface showing a dense mass of trichome bases obscuring most stomatal complexes (LX2495, Coprolite-13, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Non-stomatal (adaxial) surface showing a trichome attachment scar extending over several epidermal cells (LX3147, Shelter-12, scale bar equals 40 μm).