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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2016View details →

Figure 1 from: Sidorov DA, Katz AD, Taylor SJ, Chertoprud MV (2016) A reassessment of the phylogenetic utility of genus-level morphological characters in the family Bogidiellidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with description of a new species of Eobogidiella Karaman, 1981. ZooKeys 610: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.610.9100

Figure 1 - Geographic distribution of Eobogidiella venkataramani sp. n. (circle) and Eobogidiella purmamarcensis (Grosso & Ringuelet, 1979) (square).

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Supplementary material 5 from: Mao N, Lv J-C, Xu Y-Y, Zhao T-Y, Fan L (2022) Two new Clitocella species from North China revealed by phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. MycoKeys 88: 151-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.88.80068

ITS alignment

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Fig. 4. Heterometra schlegelii morphological characters. A in Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore

Fig. 4. Heterometra schlegelii morphological characters. A, distal margins of middle brachials everted in adults (red arrows); B, middle brachials of distal margins in juveniles, plain and not inverted (red arrows); C, middle cirrals of some juveniles bearing distally directed triangular projections near the distal margin of the cirral (red arrow) with projection gradually moving away from the distal edge in more distal cirrals (yellow arrow). Distal cirrals have sharp, aborally directed triangular projections or spines (white arrow); D, other juveniles have weak carinations on distal cirrals (red arrow); E, thin carinate extensions on basal segments of proximal pinnules (red arrows); F, extensions transition at middle pinnulars from facing arm tip (red arrows) to facing away from arm tip (yellow arrows) in adults; G, distal edge of distal pinnulars on proximal pinnules showing spinular side projection (yellow arrow) and premature rim of serration (white arrow); H, basal segments of proximal pinnules of one juvenile (SS-1085, ZRC.ECH.0389) bearing very weak carinate extensions on basal segments.

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Figure 9 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches

Figure 9. Continued (Fig. 8).

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Figure 7 in Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches

Figure 7. Continued (Fig. 6).

Fig. 41 in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 41. Corethrella borkenti Amaral & Pinho, 2015. A. Adult cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and female clypeus in anterior view. B. Adult thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view. D. Exuvia of larval head, ventral view, except mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ocs = ocular row of setae; pgs = postgenal row of setae; pot = postcoila; sos = subocular row of setae; vms = ventromedial setae.

Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view.

Fig. 37. Corethrella curta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 37. Corethrella curta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view.

Fig. 30. Corethrella infuscata Lane, 1939. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 30. Corethrella infuscata Lane, 1939. A. Adult cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and female clypeus in anterior view. B. Adult thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view. D. Larval exuvia, ventral view. E. Exuvia of larval head, ventral view, except mandible in dorsal view. F. Pupal exuvia, dorsal view. G. Pupal respiratory organ, dorsal view. H. Pupal metathorax and abdomen, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Fig. 36. Corethrella ranapungens Borkent, 2008, female adult. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 36. Corethrella ranapungens Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view.

Fig. 23. Corethrella flavitibia Lane, 1939, female adult. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 23. Corethrella flavitibia Lane, 1939, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 5. Corethrella bifida sp. nov., male adult, holotype (MZUSP). A. Head, anterior view. B. Clypeus, anterior view. C. Wing veins. D. Detail of thorax, lateral view. E. Thorax and legs in lateral view. F. Wing. G. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, dorsal view. H. Aedeagus, dorsal view. I. Genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 6. Corethrella bifida sp. nov., female adult, allotype (MZUSP). A. Left palpus, lateral view. B. Flagellomeres and pedicel, lateral view. C. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. D. Thoracic setae, lateral view. E. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view. F. Head, anterior view. G. Antenna, lateral view. H. Wing. I. Wing veins. J. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 22. Corethrella ananacola Dyar, 1926. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 22. Corethrella ananacola Dyar, 1926. A. Adult cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and female clypeus in anterior view. B. Adult thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view. D. Head of larval exuvia, ventral view. E. Exuvia of larval head, ventral view, except mandible in dorsal view. F. Pupal exuvia, dorsal view. G. Pupal respiratory organ, dorsal view. H. Pupal methatorax and abdomen, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: D-1–9 = dorsal setae; L-1–4 = lareral setae; V-1, 5–6 = ventral setae.

Fig. 11. Corethrella rotunda Borkent, 2008, female adult. A in Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies

Fig. 11. Corethrella rotunda Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg empodium, lateral view.

Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 1. Morphological diversity across Solanum. A, Annual herb (Morelloid clade, S. weddellii Phil.); B, Herbaceous vine (Herpystichum clade, S. brevifolium Dunal); C, Woody vine (Tomato clade, S. juglandifolium Dunal); D, Single-stemmed shrub (Pteroidea clade, S. mite Ruiz & Pav.); E, Shrub (Torva clade, S. glutinosum Dunal); F, Tree (Crinitum clade, S. sycophanta Dunal); G, Simple glandular trichomes (Tomato clade, S. habrochaites S.Knapp & D.M.Spooner); H, Stellate glandular trichomes (Torva clade, S. asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav.); I, Mix of simple glandular (short) and eglandular (long) trichomes (Tomato clade, S. arcanum Peralta); J, Stellate glandular trichomes (Erythrotrichum clade, S. aciculare Sw.); K, Needle-like prickles on calyx (EHS clade, S. dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn.); L, Broad-based prickles on trunk (Crinitum clade, S. kioniotrichum Bitter ex J.F.Macbr.); M, Homomorphic stamens, most common state in Solanum (Anarrhichomenum clade, S. appendiculatum Dunal); N, Apical and basal anther modifications (i.e., horn-like projections; Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); O, Apical anther modifications (i.e., appendages; Tomato clade, S. corneliomulleri J.F.Macbr.); P, Enlarged anther connectives (Pachyphylla clade, S. betaceum Cav.); Q, Deeply stellate purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. sycocarpum Mart. & Sendtn.); R, Broadly stellate purple corollas (EHS clade, S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger); S, Rotate purple corollas with abundant interpetalar tissue (Herpystichum clade, S. trifolium Dunal); T, Deeply stellate yellow-green corollas lacking interpetalar tissue (Pteroidea clade, S. anceps Ruiz & Pav.); U, Campanulate pale lilac corollas (Morelloid clade; S. fiebrigii Bitter); V, Urceolate white-purple corollas (Pachyphylla clade, S. diversifolium Dunal); W, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Normania clade, S. trisectum Dunal); X, Bilaterally symmetric corollas with heteromorphic anthers (Androceras clade; S. grayi Rose var. grandiflorum Whalen); Y, Obovoid, apically pointed fleshy berries (Thelopodium clade, S. thelopodium Sendtn.); Z, Globose fleshy berries with colour variation through maturation from yellow (unripe) to red (fully mature; Cyphomandropsis clade, S. amotapense Svenson); AA, Globose orange berries (Reductum clade, S. reductum C.V.Morton); AB, Globose black berries (Morelloid clade, S. longifilamentum Särkinen & P.Gonzáles); AC, Obovoid, apically pointed brown berries (Herpystichum clade, S. limoncochaense Tepe); AD, Globose blue berries (Dulcamaroid clade, S. flaccidum Vell.). — Photo vouchers: A, Särkinen & al. 4038; B, Tepe & al. 3061; C, Fajardo & al. 3998; D, Särkinen & al. 4822; E, Knapp & al. 10594; F, Tepe & al. 2327; G, Särkinen & al. 4524; H, Knapp & al. 10336; I, Särkinen & al. 4503; J, Gouvêa 280; K, Vorontsova & al. 151; L, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1446; M, Knapp & al. 10156; N, Nijmegen 984750158; O, Knapp & al. 10212; P, Tepe s.n.; Q, Bohs s.n.; R, Knapp s.n.; S, Tepe & al. 2684; T, Fajardo & al. 3982; U, Barboza & al. 3548; V, Bohs 2341 (cult. from seeds of Benítez de Rojas 2744); W, cult. Madeira, no collection voucher; X, Vallejo-Marín 08-s-78; Y, Melchor Castro & Gonzáles 1454; Z, Särkinen & al. 4508; AA, Barboza & al. 3516; AB, Särkinen s.n.; AC, Tepe & al. 2627; AD, Giacomin & al. 1737. Photographs by S. Knapp (E, H, M, N, R, O, U, AA), T. Särkinen (A, C, D, G, I, T, Z, AB), P. Gonzáles Arce (L, Y), E. Tepe (B, F, K, P, S, AC), L. Bohs (Q, V), Y.F. Gouvêa (J), M. Vallejo-Marín (X), M. Benedito (W), and L. Giacomin (AD).

Fig. 5 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 5. Evolution of labile morphological traits (vegetative) in Solanum with 50–100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Specialised underground organs; B, Prickles; C, Trichome structure; D, Leaf division. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

Fig. 2 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 2. Phylogeny of Solanum highlighting the informally named infrageneric clades based on Bayesian analysis of 742 Solanum species (60% of total known diversity) with two nuclear and seven plastid regions by Gagnon & al. (2022). Infrageneric clades are colour-coded and numbered reflecting the currently recognised major and minor clades of Solanum (Table 1): bright red shades highlight minor clades within VANAns clade, dark reds DulMo, blues Potato clade, purples Brevantherum, orange shades Geminata, yellows Cyphomandra, purple Wendlandii-Allophyllum, pink Nemorense, and green shades indicate minor clades within the large Leptostemonum clade. Nodes without circles have maximum branch support (1.0 posterior probability), nodes with black circles strong support (≥0.95), and nodes with white circles moderate to weak support (0.75–0.94). Dashed lines indicate nodes with nuclear-plastome discordance highlighted in Gagnon & al. (2022) collapsed in our analyses. A, Minor clades 1–7 (Thelopodium, Valdiviense, ANS [African Non-Spiny], Normania, Archaeosolanum, Dulcamaroid, Morelloid); B, Minor clades 8–17 (Regmandra, Pteroidea, Herpystichum, S. oxycoccoides, Anarrichomenum, Articulatum, Basarthrum, Etuberosum, Tomato, Petota); C, Minor clades 18–27 (S. anomalostemon, Trachytrichium, Gonatotrichum, Inornatum, Brevantherum, Reductum, Geminata, S. graveolens, Cyphomandropsis, Pachyphylla); D, Minor clades 28–46 (Allophyllum, Wendlandii, Nemorense, S. polygamum, Acanthophora, Lasiocarpa, Gardneri, Thomasiifolium, Erythrotrichum, Sisymbriifolium, Crinitum, Androceras, S. campechiense, Carolinense, Bahamense, Micracantha, Asterophorum, S. multispinum, Torva); E, Minor clades 47–49 (S. euacanthum, Elaeagnifolium, EHS [Eastern Hemisphere Spiny]).

Fig. 7 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 7. Evolution of conserved morphological traits in Solanum with 10–49 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Corolla bilateral symmetry; B, Anther shape; C, Pedicel articulation; D, Fruit type; E, Stone cells. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

Fig. 6 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 6. Evolution of labile morphological traits (reproductive) in Solanum with 50–100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Inflorescence position; B, Inflorescence branching; C, Sexual system; D, Stamen heteromorphism; E, Trichomes on mature fruits; F, Fruiting calyx modifications. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.