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Fig. 8 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 8. Juvenile caviid rodents; molariforms (DP4 and P4) in occlusal views. A. Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. (GHUNLPam 21286) from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Huayquerian Stage/Age, Calufú locality, La Pampa Province, Argentina. B. Microcavia australis Gervais and Ameghino, 1880 (MACN-Ma.34-12, reversed), Recent, from La Rioja Province. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 1. A. Location map indicating the geographic distribution of Neocavia localities in Argentina. B. Encalilla and Andalhuala localities, Santa María Valley, Tucumán, and Catamarca provinces, respectively. C. Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province. D. Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province.

Fig. 7 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Caviid rodent Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province,Argentina. A. GHUNLPam 21351, fragment of palate. B. GHUNLPam 21854, fragment of palate. C. GHUNLPam 21286, fragment of palate. D. GHUNLPam 21288 reflected), fragment of mandible. E. GHUNLPam 19622 (reflected), fragment of mandible. F. GHUNLPam 19559, holotype (reflected), fragment of mandible. In ventral (A1, B2, C), lateral (A2, B1), labial (D1, E1, F1), lingual (D2, E2, F2), and occlusal (D3, E3, F3) views. Abbreviation: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.

Fig. 4 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Mandibles of the caviid rodent Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina. A. Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the "Araucanense", late Miocene–early Pliocene, Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province. MACN-Pv 8400, mandible in lateral view (from Kraglievich 1948). B. Neocavia sp. from the lower levels of the Monte Hermoso Formation, Montehermosan Stage/Age, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MD-FM-17-01, mandible fragment in labial (B1), lingual (B2), and occlusal (B3; B4, explanatory drawing) views. C. "Neocavia despressidens" Parodi and Kraglievich, 1948 from upper? levels the Monte Hermoso Formation, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MLP 46-V-13-53, mandible in lateral view and molariform series in occlusal view (from Parodi and Kraglievich 1948). Abbreviations: ap, alveolar protuberances; chin, mandibular symphysis; ias, incisive alveolar sheath; nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.

Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of northwest Argentina, Andalhuala Formation, "Araucanense": Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province, Argentina (A, C) and Encalilla locality, Santa María Valley, Tucumán Province (B). A. MACN-Pv 8400, skull with left P4–M3 and right P4–M2 (A1–A4), right mandibular fragment with incisor p4–m2, and m3 broken (A5–A7). B. PVL 7057, maxillary fragment with left and right P4–M2. C. MACN-Pv 8415, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2. In dorsal (A1), ventral (A2, B1), lateral (A3, A4, B2), labial (A5, C1), lingual (A6, C2), and occlusal (A7, C3) views. Abbreviations: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive phases of Miocene algae from central Paratethys and their bearing on systematics

Fig. 7. Coralline alga Lithoporella sp. 1. A. Bi/tetrasporophyte, NHM B1855 (thin section 371111453), early Serravallian, Vývrat, Slovakia, Vienna Basin. A1. Encrusting growth form with prominent conceptacle; note type of the conceptacle with roof cells oriented perpendiculary to the chamber. A2. Palisade cells (white arrow) and lateral fusion of cells in adjacent filaments (black arrows). B. Male gametophyte, NHM B1856 (thin section 31011152), late Langhian, Stupava, Slovakia, Vienna Basin. B1. Spermatangial plant with encrusting growth form; black arrow point to the lateral cells fusions in adjacent filaments; white arrow point to the palisade cells. B2. Detail of the spermatangial conceptacle; note the type of the conceptacle with roof filaments running parallel with the chamber and bending upward to develop the pore canal.

Fig. 6. Lithoporella minus Johnson, 1964 in Reproductive phases of Miocene algae from central Paratethys and their bearing on systematics

Fig. 6. Lithoporella minus Johnson, 1964 from early Serravallian, Rohožník, Slovakia, Vienna Basin. A. Bi/tetrasporophyte, NHM B1850/1 (thin section 5099). A1. Plant with encrusting growth form and conceptacles projecting above thallus surface. Thallus is entirely bi-stratose. A2. Palisade cells in primigenous filament developed in patches and non-palisade cells are present as well (arrow). A3. Arrow points to flattened not flared epithallial cell; note cell fusions in lower thallus. A4. Enlarged A1. Uniporate conceptacle with preserved pore canal cells (arrows). Cells are narrower and elongated. B. Gametangial-carposporangial plant, NHM B1850/2 (thin section 5099). B1. Projection of the conceptacle above thallus surface; arrow points to the single trichocyte at the side of the conceptacle. B2. Single trichocyte in distant portion of the thallus (black arrow); white arrow points to the palisade cells.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive phases of Miocene algae from central Paratethys and their bearing on systematics

Fig. 1. Modified geographical and geological map of the studied area with Recent distribution of central Paratethyan deposits, redrawn from Kováč (2000). List of studied sites: 1, Rohožník; 2, Vývrat; 3, Stupava; 4, Devínska Kobyla; 5, Wolfsthal; 6, Müllensdorf; 7, Mikulov; 8, Židlochovice; 9, Blučina; 10, Rebešovice; 11, Telnice; 12, Pratecký Vrch; 13, Holubice; 14, Vyškov; 15, Hluchov; 16, Přemyslovice; 17, Lomnice; 18,- Ochoz; 19, Kralice nad Oslavou; 20, Hostim; 21, Modrý Majer; 22, Čierny Hill; 23, Kamenica nad Hronom; 24, Pavlová; 25, Veľký Pesek; 26,- Sazdice; 27, Štúrovo; 28, Kosihovce; 29, Maksymivka; 30, Lopadea Veche; 31, Weglinek; 32, Zagrody.

Fig. 3 in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN

Fig. 3. Transverse serial sections of spiriferide brachiopod Thomasaria simplex (Phillips, 1841) through shell NHMUK PI B 2807 (topotype) from the Givetian of Wolborough, England, UK. Sections through ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valves. The schematic drawings on the left of each section describe the direction of sectioning (see text). Distances measured in millimetres from the tip of the ventral and dorsal umbos, respectively. Gray areas denote local silicification.

Fig. 2 in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN

Fig. 2. Spiriferide brachiopod Thomasaria simplex (Phillips, 1841) from the Middle Devonian of south-western England, UK (type region). A–C. Articulated shells (TCD 16991c, A; TCD 16991b, B; TCD 16991a, C) from Port Stephens, in dorsal (A1–C1), ventral (A2–C2), lateral (A3–C3), anterior (A4–C4), and posterior (A5–C5) views. D. Lectotype, articulated shell GSM 6915 from Wolborough, in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), anterior (D4), and posterior (D5) views. Reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey ©UKRI. All rights reserved. E. Topotype, articulated shell NHMUK PI B 2807 (specimen serially sectioned, see Fig. 3) from Wolborough, in dorsal (E1), ventral (E2), lateral (E3), anterior (E4), and posterior (E5) views, enlargement (SEM micrograph) of the secondary shell layer showing impunctate condition (E6). F. Articulated shell TCD 16991d from Port Stephens, fragmentary posterior view showing the delthyrium partially closed by a convex pseudodeltidium.

Fig. 1. A in Thomasaria vs. Pyramidalia conundrum in Devonian brachiopod systematics solved: An argument to formalize epitypification under the ICZN

Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of the study area in north-western Europe. B. Geological map of eastern Cornwall and southern Devon (Devonian after House and Selwood 1966, otherwise simplified and modified after British Geological Survey 1957). Black asterisks show fossil localities mentioned in the text. The white asterisk shows the presumed position of "Port Stephens" (see text for further explanation).

Fig. 7 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 7. Scatter plots of Neohelos P3 and M1 dimensions (in mm) from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, the Leaf Locality, South Australia, and the Bullock Creek LF, Northern Territory. A. P3 length versus width segregated by species. B. P3 length versus width segregated by site and faunal zone. C. M1 length versus anterior width segregated by species. D. M1 length versus anterior width segregated by site and faunal zone. E. M1 anterior width versus posterior width segregated by species. F. M1 anterior width versus posterior width segregated by site and faunal zone. Abbreviations: Bull, Bullock Creek; dav, davidridei; Leaf, Leaf Locality; Ne, Neohelos; tir, tirarensis; Riv, Riversleigh; sol, solus; stirt, stirtoni. Riversleigh site abbreviations: BC2, Black Coffee 2; BO, Burnt Offering; BR, Bone Reef; COA, Cleft Of Ages; D, Site D; CR, Creaser's Ramparts; CS, Camel Sputum; DT, Dirk's Towers; Dun, Dunsinane; FT, Fig Tree; Inab, Inabeyance; JJ, Jaw Junction; JJS, Jim's Jaw; KCB, Keith's Chocky Block; MM, Mike's Menagerie; SB, Sticky Beak; UBO, Upper Burnt Offering; WW, Wayne's Wok. Measurements from Table A (Appendix 2). Colors in graphs B, D, and F denote Riversleigh faunal zones: Faunal Zone A (Late Oligocene), green; Faunal Zone B (Early Miocene), blue; Faunal Zone C (Middle Miocene), red; uncertain age, purple; non− Riversleigh sites, black.

Fig. 6 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 6. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos stirtoni Murray, Megirian, Rich, Plane, and Vickers−Rich, 2000a, material from Middle Miocene deposits of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. A. QM F40165, partial right maxilla with P3–M3 from the Dwornamor LF (Gag Site); occlusal stereopair (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. QM F40169, right p3 from the Henk's Hollow LF; occlusal stereopair (B1), lingual (B2), and buccal (B3) views. C. QMF40117, left dentary fragment with m3 and protolophid of m4, from the Golden Steph LF; occlusal stereopair (C1), lingual (C2), and buccal (C3) views. Scale bars 20 mm.

Fig. 3 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 3. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos davidridei sp. nov., holotype QM F40175, from the Middle Miocene Jaw Junction LF, Faunal Zone C, Riverlseigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. A. RP3; occlusal stereopair (A1), lingual (A2), and buccal (A3) views. B. RM1; occlusal stereopair. C. Right deciduous P3; occlusal stereopair (C1), lingual (C2), and buccal (C3) views. D. RM2; occlusal stereopair. Scale bar 20 mm.

Fig. 9 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 9. Comparison of diprotodontid marsupials Neohelos tirarensis Stirton, 1967 (QMF 30438) (A) and Neohelos solus sp. nov. (QMF29739) (B) first upper molars (M1) in occlusal (A1, B1) and lingual (A2, B2) views. In addition to differences in size and relative width the following distinctions are evident: 1, elongate protoloph compared with; 2, short, arcuate protoloph; 3, shallow posterior face of protoloph compared with; 4, deep cleft on posterior face of protoloph; 5, broad, high stylar cusp E compared with; 6, weak, low stylar cusp E; 7, lingual cingulum low compared with; 8, lingual cingulum ascends lingual surface of metaconule; 9, weak postparacrista and weak/absent premetacrista compared with; 10, distinct postparacrista and premetacrista that meet in the interloph valley. Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 8. Comparison of Neohelos tirarensis and Neohelos solus sp. nov. P3 and M1 dimensions (in mm). A. P3 length versus width. B. M1 length versus anterior width. C. M1 length versus posterior width. D. M1 anterior width versus posterior width.

Fig. 2 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 2. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos solus sp. nov. from the Middle Miocene Cleft Of Ages LF, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. A. QMF30231, partial left dentary with m1–2, partial m3; occlusal stereopair (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. QMF31357, Lm1; occlusal stereopair. C. QMF36232, Rp3; occlusal stereopair (C1), lingual (C2), and buccal (C3) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos tirarensis Stirton, 1967 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 5. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos tirarensis Stirton, 1967 material from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. A. QM F56135, partial right maxilla with P3–M4 from the Early Miocene Wayne's Wok LF; occlusal stereopair (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. QMF41200, partial left dentary with p3–m2 from the Middle Miocene Keith's Chocky Block LF; occlusal stereopair (B1), lingual (B2), and buccal (B3) views. Scale bars 20 mm.

Fig. 4 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 4. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos davidridei sp. nov. referred material from the Middle Miocene Jaw Junction LF, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. A. QM F40178, RP3; occlusal stereopair (A1), lingual (A2), and buccal (A3) views. B. QM F40182, Rp3; occlusal stereopair (B1), lingual (B2), and buccal (B3) views. C. QM F40174, Lm1; occlusal stereopair. D. QM F40177, Li1; lingual (D1) and buccal (D2) views. Scale bar 20 mm.

Fig. 1 in Revision in the diprotodontid marsupial genus Neohelos: Systematics and biostratigraphy

Fig. 1. Diprotodontid marsupial Neohelos solus sp. nov. holotype, QMF 30878, partial left maxilla with P3–M3, from the Middle Miocene Cleft Of Ages LF, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Queensland, Australia. Occlusal stereopair (A), lingual (B), and buccal (C) views. Scale bar 20 mm.