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Data from: Gaze-contingent reinforcement learning reveals incentive value of social signals in young children and adults
While numerous studies have demonstrated that infants and adults preferentially orient to social stimuli, it remains unclear as to what drives such preferential orienting. It has been suggested that the learned association between social cues and subsequent reward delivery might shape such social orienting. Using a novel, spontaneous indication of reinforcement learning (with the use of a gaze contingent reward-learning task), we investigated whether children and adults' orienting towards social and non-social visual cues can be elicited by the association between participants' visual attention and a rewarding outcome. Critically, we assessed whether the engaging nature of the social cues influences the process of reinforcement learning. Both children and adults learned to orient more often to the visual cues associated with reward delivery, demonstrating that cue–reward association reinforced visual orienting. More importantly, when the reward-predictive cue was social and engaging, both children and adults learned the cue–reward association faster and more efficiently than when the reward-predictive cue was social but non-engaging. These new findings indicate that social engaging cues have a positive incentive value. This could possibly be because they usually coincide with positive outcomes in real life, which could partly drive the development of social orienting.
Data from: Autocorrelation structure at rest predicts value correlates of single neurons during reward-guided choice
Correlates of value are routinely observed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during reward-guided decision making. In previous work (Hunt et al., 2015), we argued that PFC correlates of chosen value are a consequence of varying rates of a dynamical evidence accumulation process. Yet within PFC, there is substantial variability in chosen value correlates across individual neurons. Here we show that this variability is explained by neurons having different temporal receptive fields of integration, indexed by examining neuronal spike rate autocorrelation structure whilst at rest. We find that neurons with protracted resting temporal receptive fields exhibit stronger chosen value correlates during choice. Within orbitofrontal cortex, these neurons also sustain coding of chosen value from choice through the delivery of reward, providing a potential neural mechanism for maintaining predictions and updating stored values during learning. These findings reveal that within PFC, variability in temporal specialisation across neurons predicts involvement in specific decision-making computations.
Data from: Parental effects alter the adaptive value of an adult behavioural trait
The parents' phenotype, or the environment they create for their young, can have long-lasting effects on their offspring, with profound evolutionary consequences. Yet virtually no work has considered how such parental effects might change the adaptive value of behavioural traits expressed by offspring upon reaching adulthood. To address this problem, we combined experiments on burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides) with theoretical modelling, and focussed on one adult behavioural trait in particular: the supply of parental care. We manipulated the early life environment and measured the fitness payoffs associated with the supply of parental care when larvae reached maturity. We found that (1) adults that received low levels of care as larvae were less successful at raising larger broods, and suffered greater mortality as a result: they were low quality parents. Furthermore (2) high quality males that raised offspring with low quality females subsequently suffered greater mortality than brothers of equivalent quality, which reared larvae with higher quality females. Our analyses identify three general ways in which parental effects can change the adaptive value of an adult behavioural trait: by influencing the associated fitness benefits and costs; by consequently changing the evolutionary outcome of social interactions; and by modifying the evolutionarily stable expression of behavioural traits that are themselves parental effects.
Data from: Characteristics of patients included and enrolled in studies on the prognostic value of serum biomarkers for prediction of post-concussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
Objective: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been insufficiently researched and its definition remains elusive. Investigators are confronted by heterogeneity in patients, mechanism of injury and outcomes. Findings are thus often limited in generalizability and clinical application. Serum protein biomarkers are increasingly assessed to enhance prognostication of outcomes but their translation into clinical practice has yet to be achieved. A systematic review was performed to describe the adult populations included and enrolled in studies that evaluated the prognostic value of protein biomarkers to predict post-concussion symptoms following a mTBI. Data sources: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycBITE, and PsycINFO up to October 2016. Data selection and extraction: Two reviewers independently screened for potentially eligible studies, extracted data and assessed the overall quality of evidence by outcome using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: A total of 23,298 citations were obtained from which 166 manuscripts were reviewed. Thirty-six cohort studies (2,812 patients) having enrolled between 7 and 311 patients (median 89) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Most studies excluded patients based on advanced age (n=10 (28%)), neurologic disorders (n=20 (56%)), psychiatric disorders (n=17 (47%)), substance abuse disorders (n=13 (36%)) or previous TBI (n=10 (28%)). Twenty-one studies (58%) used at least two of these exclusion criteria. The pooled mean age of included patients was 39.3 (SD 4.6) years old (34 studies). The criteria used to define a mTBI were inconsistent. The most frequently reported outcome was post-concussion syndrome (PCS) using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (n=18 (50%)) with follow-ups ranging from 7 days to 5 years after the mTBI. Conclusions: Most studies have recruited samples that are not representative and generalizable to the mTBI population. These exclusion criteria limit the potential use and translation of promising serum protein biomarkers to predict post-concussion symptoms.
Data from: The adaptive value of gluttony: predators mediate the life history trade-offs of satiation threshold
Animals vary greatly in their tendency to consume large meals. Yet, whether or how meal size influences fitness in wild populations is infrequently considered. Using a predator exclusion, marked-recapture experiment, we estimated selection on the amount of food accepted during an ad libitum feeding bout (hereafter termed "satiation threshold") in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata. Individually marked, size-matched females of known satiation threshold were assigned to predator exclusion and predator inclusions treatments and tracked for a 40 day period. We also estimated the narrow sense heritability of satiation threshold using dam on female offspring regression. In the absence of predation, high satiation threshold was positively associated with larger and faster egg case production. However, these selective advantages were lost when predators were present. We estimated the heritability of satiation threshold to be 0.56. Taken together, our results suggest that satiation threshold can respond to selection and begets a life history trade-off in this system: high satiation threshold individuals tend to produce larger egg cases but also suffer increased susceptibility to predation.
Data from: An RGB colour image steganography scheme using overlapping block-based pixel-value differencing
This paper presents a steganographic scheme based on the RGB colour cover image. The secret message bits are embedded into each colour pixel sequentially by the pixel-value differencing (PVD) technique. PVD basically works on two consecutive non-overlapping components; as a result, the straightforward conventional PVD technique is not applicable to embed the secret message bits into a colour pixel, since a colour pixel consists of three colour components, i.e. red, green and blue. Hence, in the proposed scheme, initially the three colour components are represented into two overlapping blocks like the combination of red and green colour components, while another one is the combination of green and blue colour components, respectively. Later, the PVD technique is employed on each block independently to embed the secret data. The two overlapping blocks are readjusted to attain the modified three colour components. The notion of overlapping blocks has improved the embedding capacity of the cover image. The scheme has been tested on a set of colour images and satisfactory results have been achieved in terms of embedding capacity and upholding the acceptable visual quality of the stego-image.
Data from: Eggshell spotting pattern is related to hatching asynchrony, hematocrit value and growth of nestling great tits (Parus major)
Eggshell pigmentation may signal the quality of the egg, that of the female and the environment, and thus nestling development may be related to this egg trait. However, so far, few studies have investigated the relationship between eggshell pigmentation and nestling development. Our aim was to study in a partial cross-fostering experiment whether the protoporphyrin-based eggshell pigmentation (spot intensity and spot distribution) showed any significant associations with several traits related to the development of nestling great tits (Parus major). We found that nestlings from clutches with darker spotted eggshells hatched more synchronously, had higher hematocrit value and shorter wings. Females under adverse environmental circumstances were previously shown to lay darker-spotted eggs, and these females probably delayed the start of incubation due to energetic constraints, resulting in a more synchronous hatching. The shorter wings of fledglings originating from clutches with darker-spotted eggs may be caused by the lower general quality of their mothers, mediated through either genetic factors or early maternal effects. Darker spotted eggs may contain different levels of some biomolecules than paler spotted eggs, which could have an effect on nestling metabolism and activity, resulting in an elevated hematocrit value. More aggregated eggshell spotting was related to faster bone growth and slightly longer fledging tarsus length. Eggs with aggregated spotting may have thinner eggshells that could lead to hatchlings with smaller bones due to the lower availability of calcium during development. Neslings may increase bone growth rate to compensate for their smaller initial size. Overall, our results indirectly suggest lower fitness for nestlings hatched from darker spotted eggs and for nestlings hatched from eggs with more aggregated spotting distribution due to the possible long-term costs of synchronous hatching, shorter wings, and accelerated tarsus growth rate.
Data from: Predictive value of apelin-12 in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with different renal function: a prospective observational study
Objectives: To investigate the factors predicting the onset of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Background: apelin-12 has been regarded acting essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, current knowledge of the optimal prognostic predictive value is limited. Methods: 464 STEMI patients (63.0±11.9 years, 355 men) who underwent successful pPCI were enrolled. Patients were followed-up for 2.5 years. Multivariate cox regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed to determine the factors predicting MACEs. Results: There were 118 patients (25.4%) who experienced MACEs in the follow-up period. Multivariate cox regression analysis demonstrated that low apelin-12 (HR=0.132, 95% CI=0.060-0.292, p<0.001), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HR=0.965, 95% CI=0.941-0.991, p=0.007), low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR=0.985, 95% CI=0.977-0.993, p<0.001), Killip's classification>I (HR=0.610, 95% CI=0.408-0.912, p=0.016) and pathological Q-wave (HR=1.536, 95% CI=1.058-2.230, p=0.024) were independent predictors of 2.5 MACEs. Low apelin-12 could also predict worse in-hospital prognosis and showed advantage in predicting 2.5 year MACEs compared with Δapelin-12 (p=0.0115)and eGFR (p=0.0071) among patients with eGFR>90 mL/min1.73m2. Further analysis prompt Δapelin-12<20% was usually associated with MACEs in patients whose apelin-12 admission below 0.76 ng/ml (p=0.0075). Conclusions: STEMI patients receiving pPCI with lower apelin-12 are more likely to suffer MACEs in hospitalization and 2.5-year follow-up, especially for those with normal level of eGFR.
Figure 6 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 6 Gantt chart showing tasks (T), milestones (M), and deliverables (D) as well as involvement of human resources according to the time plan – T, M and D are described in the text.
Figure 4 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 4 Example classifications of tradeoffs from the perspective of regional stewardship programs: Distributed: each ecosystem service category is 20-30% (exclusive); Emphasized: ≥ 1 category is 30-50% (exclusive); Dominant: one categories is >50%.
Figure 2 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 2 Two hypotheses regarding drivers of adaptation, illustrated by simulated effects of individual drivers on an adaptation index (see below Tasks 1.1, 1.2, 3.2 in the Work Plan). Categories of drivers distinguished by symbols: diamond (u) = science; square (■) = culture; circle (●) = climate; triangle (▲) = cross-border; and × = regional program capacity. Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; open symbols illustrate significant positive effects. Cx = communication.
Figure 3 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 3 Two hypotheses regarding drivers of adaptation, illustrated by simulated values representing absence (A) or presence (B) of interactions between effects on an adaptation index (see below Tasks 1.1, 1.2, 3.2 in Work Plan). Simulated effects include progress toward adaptation by countries of focal regions and by neighbors of these regions. Categories of progress toward adaptation defined as 'more advanced' (at or above median index value) or 'less advanced' (below median index value). Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; non-overlapping whiskers illustrate statistically significant contrasts.
Figure 1 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 1 Candidate drivers of adaptation by a program working at a regional scale, partially adapted from Figures 1.1 and 3.1 in Swart et al. (2009). This conceptual framework provides a basis for constructing hypotheses in this project. Each dashed border encapsulates a category of putative drivers. Neither relationships among individual drivers nor feedbacks between categories of drivers and adaptation actions are shown. Bolded boxes represent drivers that will be examined in this study. Underlined drivers can be at least partly informed from literature sources, whereas the remainder will be based solely on surveys and interviews with regional program administrators. (*Communication can also include coordination of adaptation planning/implementation in other regions).
Figure 5 from: Mattsson BJ, Toth W, Penker M, Kieninger P, Vacik H (2020) Drivers and value tradeoffs of regional-scale adaptation in rural landscapes of central Europe. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53608. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53608
Figure 5 Hypothetical result of an emphasis on regulating and cultural services consistent with the diverse value tradeoffs hypothesis. General classes of value tradeoffs distinguished by shapes: distributed (u), dominant (●) and double emphasis (■).Whiskers represent 95% Bayesian credibility intervals; open symbol illustrates a significant difference.
FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF ADOLESCENTS.
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Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio has a Prognostic Value for Patients with Terminal Cancer
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Figure 3 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 3 - Right-angled mixture triangles (RMT) depicting the macronutrient balance of Quercus crispula, Salix bakko, Malus toringo, Elaeagnus umbellata, Alnus firma, Clethra barbinervis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Betula ermanii leaves in early and late May. The RMT on the left a is early May, while the RMT on the right b is late May. Crude protein is represented on the implicit axis which varies inversely with distance from the origin (the dashed gray line indicates 25% protein content).
Figure 2 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 2 - Proportion of observed time for each food item and seasonal changes in the nutritional values of Quercus crispula (left) leaves, Malus toringo (center) leaves, and Salix bakko (right) leaves from early May (leaf flash) to late June 2013. A The proportion of time for which bears were observed consuming (2013: black and 2014: gray) B total energy C neutral detergent fiber, and D crude protein. Different lower case letters within each graph indicate significant differences (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05). White circles indicate when bears were observed consuming Q. crispula leaves (early May and late May), M. toringo leaves (early May), and S. bakko (early May and late May).
Figure 1 from: Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S (2017) The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 672: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.672.10078
Figure 1 - Map of the study area, located in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains range in Tochigi and Gunma Prefectures, central Japan. Black lines were trails to observe bears and black circles were the points of vegetation surveyed in the Ashio area.
FOLK ART AND VALUES ARE IN THE STATUS OF THE STATE
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