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FIG. 34. — A in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 34. — A, schematic cross-section of thoracic region at level of P3 to show in one diagram the two distinctive arrangements of female organs in Brachyura. On left, a typical podotreme, with coxal openings; on right, a typical eubrachyuran, with sternal openings or vulvae; B, schematic representation of the two types of brachyuran seminal receptacles, either of ventral type (left), or of dorsal type (right), and their connection to the oviduct (see Diesel 1991). Abbreviations: a, spermathecal aperture; cx, coxa; g, coxal female gonopore; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; sp, spermatheca; sr, seminal receptacle; st, thoracic sternum; v, vulva; vg, vagina. Modified from Hartnoll (1968: fig. 1), Guinot (1978: fig. 1; 1979a: fig. 38) and Vehof (2020: fig. 19).

FIG. 35 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 35. — Schematic illustrations of female reproductive systems in representatives of four dorippid subfamilies: A, B, Dorippinae n. stat.: A, Dorippe sinica Chen, 1980, as interpreted by Hayer et al. (2016a: fig. 2); B, Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) and D. sinica, as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2017: fig. 2A); C, Medorippinae n. subfam.: Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2017: fig. 2B); D, Paradorippinae n. subfam.: Paradorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841), as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2018b: fig. 3). E, Heikeopsinae n. subfam.: Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), with the same pattern shared by Neodorippe callida (Fabricius, 1798) and Nobilum histrio (Nobili, 1903), as interpreted by Vehof (2020: fig. 4). Abbreviations: a, apodeme; amb, anteromedian bursa; bu, bursa; cu, cuticle; cv, cuticular valves; bu, bursa; ev, extension of vulva; ge, glandular epithelium; mu, musculature; oc, oocyte; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; plb, posterolateral bursa; sr, seminal receptacle; vg, vagina; v, vulva.

FIG. 40 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 40. — Fossil crabs: A, the poorly known true dorippid, Dorippe judicis Gripp, 1964 (pl. 17, fig. 7a), Lower Miocene of northern Germany, generic status to be reappraised: carapace and pleon partially dorsally exposed (photocopy from Gripp 1964: pl. 17, fig. 7a); B-F, Goniochele angulata Bell, 1858; B-D, F, Eocene London Clay, Ypresian, Isle of Sheppey, Kent; E, Ypresian, Forest, Brussels, Belgium: B, carapace with preserved lateral spines, except long epibranchial spine, broken, concealed with matrix (Griffiths' collection); C, carapace of paralectotype (lateral spines lost) with well-preserved protruding concave rim of posterior margin and narrow male pleon, with first three somites dorsally exposed (Wetherell's collection, NHM PL OR 59085); D, E, two views of male thoracic sternum, with triangular first sternites and press-buttons on suture 5/6 (D, Jeff Saward collection); E, original from Collins & Smith 1993: pl. 2, fig. 3, as Silvacarcinus laurae Collins & Smith, 1993; F, ventral view of a female, with narrow elongated sternites 1-4 and wider last sternites (Griffiths' collection, NHM 36652). Abbreviation: v, enormous vulvae. All, courtesy of Barry van Bakel.

FIG. 8 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 8. — Particular structures of some dorippids: A, B, rim and strip along posterior margin of carapace: A, Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785), ovigerous ♀ 20.3 × 26.2 mm, South China Sea, ZRC 1984.5347; B, Paradorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841), ♂ 23.6 × 27.3 mm, NE Taiwan, ZRC 2001.0014; C, retention of female pleon by process of sternite 8 overhanging pleonal somite 2: Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793), ♀ 38.1 × 33.7 mm, South China Sea, Hee Huat, ZRC 1984.6307; D, retention of telson engaged between edges of sternite 5: Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785), ovigerous ♀ 20.3 × 26.2 mm, same data as A. Abbreviations: cx3-cx5, coxae of P3-P5; p, process of sternite 8; p2, p3, pereiopod 2, 3; r, rim; s, strip; sp, spur-like process on P3 ischium; 1, pleonal somite 1; 7, 8, dorsally exposed thoracic sternites 7, 8.

FIG. 6. — A-C in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 6. — A-C, nomenclature of various carapace regions and location of cervical groove in Eubrachyura, exemplified by: A, Mithrax spinosissimus (Lamarck, 1818); B, by Zosimus aeneus (Linnaeus, 1758), according to H. Milne Edwards (1851: pl. 8, figs 6, 9, respectively); C, by a species of 'Cancer group' with numbered regions, according to Dana (1851: 95-98, fig. 1); D: homology of gastric regions defined by H. Milne Edwards (1851) and those numbered by Dana (1851) (after Guinot 1979a: fig. 7D). Abbreviations: cd, cardiac region; epg, epigastric lobe; f.g., gastric pit; in, intestinal region; mag, metagastric region; mog, mesogastric region; ptg, protogastric lobe; s.c., cervical groove; s.b.c., branchiocardiac groove; s.g.h., hepatic groove; urg, urogastric region.

FIG. 7. — A, B in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 7. — A, B, exposure of latero-external ends of pleurites 5-7 in Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), skeleton prepared by S. Secretan, MNHN: A, carapace (partially removed) covering all pleurites except exposed latero-external portions of pleurites 5-7; B, close-up view of lateroposterior region of carapace to show calcified exposed external portion of pleurites 5-7, with setting gutter for carapace; red line indicates location of carapace margin. Modified from Guinot et al. (2013: fig. 46A, B). C, thoracic sternum/pterygostome junction, oxystomatous condition, Milne Edwards openings in Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), ♀ 17.8 × 23.0 mm, Mediterranean Sea (MNHN, skeleton prepared by S. Secretan). Modified from Guinot et al. 2013: fig. 42C. D, articulation of pleonal somites, dorsal view of female Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767). Modified from Guinot et al. (2013: fig. 51G). Abbreviations: a1-a3, first to third pleonal somites; c, carapace margin; ce, ventral extension of carapace posterior margin; cm, mxp3 coxa; cp5, cp6, calcified portion of pleurites 5, 6 covered by carapace; cx2-cx5, coxae of P2-P5; c6, c7, coxo-pleural condyles of P3, P4; e, sternal extension; e6, extension of pleurite 6 covered by carapace; ep5-ep7, exposed pleurites 5-7; g, setting gutter of carapace; M, Milne Edwards openings as pterygostomial slits; m, articulating membrane; p, sternal boutonniere of suture 3/4; pn, penis; pt, pterygostome; p.b., press-button; r, rim; s, strip; t, telson; v, vulva on a prominence and with operculum; 3-6, thoracic sternites 3-6; 8, exposed portion of thoracic sternite 8; 3/4, 4/5, thoracic sternal sutures 3/4, 4/5.

FIG. 5 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 5. — Terminology of main grooves on dorsal carapace of Dorippidae: A, diagrammatic figure of Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 1, based on a Dorippe species) without any mention of 'precervical groove'. B-D, terminology used in the present paper and only partially used by Holthuis & Manning (1990). B, Dorippe tenuipes Chen, 1980: after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 18a); C, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824): after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 30a, as Heikea japonica); D, Neodorippe callida (Fabricius, 1795): after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 39). The strip, which runs posteriorly along the rim, was only figured in C. Abbreviations: b.c., branchiocardiac groove; c.g., cervical groove; l.b., branchial lobe; p.g., precervical groove; r, rim; s, strip.

FIG. 1. — A in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 1. — A typical dorippid crab, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), the iconic 'samurai crab' known in Japan as 'heike-gani', whose carapace looks like a human face: A, the species represented by De Haan (1839: pl. 31, fig. 1, as Dorippe japonica) in Fauna Japonica: top, a female; below, chelae of a male; B, lectotype selected by Yamaguchi & Baba (1993: 300, fig. 90-A.a-2, as Heikea japonica) from type series material labelled "Types, Japan, 1823, Leg. P. H. von Siebold", RMNH CRUS D 822 (see Fransen et al. 1997: 83); C, ♂ 25.0 × 27.3 mm, ♀ 23.5 × 26.7 mm, Japan, Chaffanjon, 174-96, E.-L. Bouvier det. 1899 Dorippe japonica, dry condition, MNHN-IU-2000-4091 (= MNHN-B4091).

FIG. 4 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 4. — Dorippid thoracic sternum exemplified here by Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), Mediterranean Sea, dehydrated specimens for skeletal preparation by Sylvie Secretan (MNHN): A, ♂; B, ♀. Abbreviations: b.p., press-button located in curved sternal suture 5/6; cx4, P4 coxa: e, episternite; G1, G2, first and second gonopods; j, sternum/pterygostome junction; m, membrane; m.o., Milne Edwards opening as pterygostomial slit; p, perforation at the end of sternal suture 3/4; r, sternal ridge; s.p., sternal prominence; v, vulva; 1-8, thoracic sternites 1-8; 2/3-7/8, sternal sutures 2/3-7/8. Photographs by Barry van Bakel.

FIG. 2 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system

FIG. 2. — Colour print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi in 1851: The ghost of Taira Tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with, and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers; A, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), the 'heike-gani' or 'samurai crab', during the naval battle at Dan-no-ura (1185) in Japan's Inland Sea; B, closeup view of the crabs, easily recognisable by their carapaces bearing like a human face, their last two legs, reduced and carried dorsally, and the dorsally visible pleon (See also Fig. 39).

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Supplementary data and scripts for "New insights into the relationship between mass eruption rate and volcanic column height based on the IVESPA dataset"

Supplementary tables and MATLAB scripts associated with the manuscript "New insights into the relationship between mass eruption rate and volcanic column height based on the IVESPA dataset".

Fig. 5 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 5. Metafruticicola (Cretigena) crassicosta Bank, Gittenberger & Neubert, 2013, Greece, Crete, Chania province, Agioi Theodoroi Islet (NHMC 50.43845). A. Shell. B. General view of genitalia. C. Internal structure of penis, penial papilla and the base of the duct of the gametolytic gland. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 4. Metafruticicola (Rothifruticicola) pieperi Bank, Gittenberger & Neubert, 2013, Greece, Crete, Lasithi province, Avgo Islet (NHMC 50.40149). A. Shell. B. General view of genitalia. C. Internal structure of penis and rear view of penial papilla. D. Front view of penial papilla. E. Base of the duct of the gametolytic gland. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 3 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 3. Distribution of Metafruticicola (Rothifruticicola) kavafis sp. nov. (▲) and M. (R.) nicosiana conciliatrix Fuchs & Käufel, 1936 (●). New records of M. n. conciliatrix from Saria Island (●).

Fig. 2 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 2. Metafruticicola (Rothifruticicola) nicosiana. A, C, E. M. (Rothifruticicola) nicosiana nicosiana (Mousson, 1854), Cyprus, Limassol district, Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates (NHMC 50.21350). A. Shell. C. General view of genitalia. E. Internal structure of penis, penial papilla and the base of the duct of the gametolytic gland. B, D, F. M. (Rothifruticicola) nicosiana conciliatrix Fuchs & Käufel, 1936, Greece, Karpathos Island, Asia (NHMC 50.39991). B. Shell. D. General view of genitalia. F. Internal structure of penis, penial papilla and the base of the duct of the gametolytic gland. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 7 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 7. Metafruticicola (Westerlundia) coartata. A. M. (Westerlundia) c. coartata Fuchs & Käufel, 1936, Greece, Cyclades, Makra Islet (NHMC 50.4056). Shell. B–D. M. (Westerlundia) c. gemina Fuchs & Käufel, 1936, Greece, Dodecanese, Karavia Nisia, north Islet (NHMC 50.6805). B. Shell. C. General view of genitalia. D. View of penial papilla. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 8 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 8. Distribution of Metafruticicola (Westerlundia) coartata Fuchs & Käufel, 1936. Known (black) and new (red) distributional records on the presence of the species in various Aegean islands. — Greece, Cyclades: 1. Christiani; 2. Askania; 3. Thirasia; 4. Anafi; 5. Fteno; 6. Pacheia; 7. Makra; 8. Anydros; 9. Mikros Avelas; 10. Machaires; 11. Gramvousa; 12. Donousa; 13. Liadi. — Greece, Dodecanese: 14 Kinaros; 15. Megalo & Mikro Mavro; 16. Levitha; 17. Safonidi; 18. Ofidousa; 19. Pontikousa; 20. Fokionisia; 21. Astypalaia; 22. Chondros; 23. Lianos; 24. Agia Kyriaki; 25. Tigani; 26. Fteno; 27. Kounoupoi; 28. Koutsomytis; 29. Mikros & Megalos Aderfos; 30. Syrna; 31. Stefania; 32. Mesonisi; 33. Megali Zafora; 34. Sochas; 35. Mikri Zafora; 36. Karavi North; 37. Ounio West; 38. Ounio East.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Metafruticicola (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) from the Aegean Archipelago and new anatomical and distributional data on some congeneric species

Fig. 6. Metafruticicola (Westerlundia) coartata coartata Fuchs & Käufel, 1936. A, D. Greece, Cyclades, Makra Islet (NHMC 50.4056). B, I. Greece, Cyclades, Fteno Islet (NHMC 50.3726). C, G. Greece, Dodecanese, Zafora Mikri Islet (NHMC 50.9955). E, H. Greece, Cyclades, Askania Islet (NHMC 50.4077). F. Greece, Cyclades, Christiani Islet (NHMC 50.3721). A. General view of genitalia. B–F. Diversity in the shape of penial papillae and inner surface of penial walls. G–I. Diversity in the shape of penis, vagina and the base of the duct of the gametolytic gland. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

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Data from: Leveraging a new branch-based taper curve and form factor from terrestrial laser scanning proxies

Modeling branch taper curve and form factor contributes to increasing the efficiency of tree crown reconstruction: the branch taper, defined as the sequential measure of diameters along the course of the branch, is pivotal to accurately estimate key branch variables such as biomass and volume. Branch diameters or volumes have commonly been estimated from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) based on automatized voxelization or cylinder-fitting approaches, given the whole branch length is sufficiently covered by laser reflections. The results are, however, often affected by ample variations in point cloud characteristics caused by varying point density, occlusions, and noise. As these characteristics of TLS have been difficult to be sufficiently controlled or eliminated in automatized-techniques, we proposed a new branch-based taper curve model and form factor (BFF), which can be employed directly from the laser reflections and under variable point cloud characteristics. In this paper, the approach is demonstrated on primary branches using a set of TLS-derived diameter datasets from a sample of 20 trees of 6 species. The result shows an improvement in the accuracy of the diameter estimates and, at best, enabled for predicting encompassing finer branch scales (<10 cm), with R2 of 0.86 and a mean relative absolute error of 1.03 cm (29%) when validated with field-measured diameters. This approach was also capable of retrieving branch diameters for a large percentage of explicitly identified primary branches (>85%) directly from the filtered points when validated with panoramic images acquired concurrently with laser scanning. Frequently used automatized crown reconstructions from the quantitative structural model (QSM), on the other hand, was largely obscured by discrepancies in the point clouds, with the crown-tops and finer branches being the most critical. Furthermore, our approach provides mean BFF of 0.35 and 0.49 with the diameters determined from 5% and 10% of the total branch length, respectively, which may have the potential to produce branch volume information with reasonable accuracy from only knowing the length and respective diameter. Although our model can be regarded as a first approximation to the taper curve and form factor for the primary branches on a relatively small set of samples, the approach can further our understanding of alternative ways to improve the accuracy of the assessment of branch diameter and volume. The approach may also be extended to other branch orders. This could expand the horizon for volumetric calculations and biomass estimates from non-destructive TLS proxies in tree crowns.