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FIGURE 13 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 13. Loranthaceae (Korthalsella and Illiostylus) cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Korthalsella sp., showing generally aligned stomatal complexes (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Korthalsella sp., detail showing a single stomatal complex (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. Korthalsella sp., showing stomatal orientation perpendicular to epidermal cell rows (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Korthalsella sp., detail of stomatal complex (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 40 μm). G. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm). H. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 17 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 17. Coprosma propinqua (both LX3272, Shelter-62, scale bars equals 40 μm). A. Four stomatal complexes on abaxial surface with prominent fine ridges perpendicular to the stomatal pore. B. Zone of simple trichomes.

FIGURE 12. Kunzea ericoides. A in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 12. Kunzea ericoides. A. Abaxial surface, showing lid cell to left and stomatal complexes to right (LX3256, Shelter-62, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Single lid cell (LX3253, Shelter-62, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 8 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 8. Carmichaelia sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Showing transversely oriented stomatal complexes along the stem (long-axis of the stem is left-right) (LX2570, Shelter-46, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Also with transversely oriented stomatal complexes, but including trichome attachment (arrowed, SL6583, LX2478, Coprolite-11, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 1 in New records of Bjuvia and Nilssonia from the Permian of Mexico

FIGURE 1. Map of the location of the study areas. A) Map of the Mexican Republic showing the location of the localities within the state of Puebla. B) Geological map of the Matzitzi Formation. C) Strata of the "Carretera" locality, the arrow indicates the collecting area. D) Strata of the "Coatepec" locality, the arrow indicates the collection area.

FIGURE 5 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 5. Examples of shelters the Cromwell Region. A. Shelter-29. Note relict Sophora microphylla tree (c. 350 mm diameter) outside. B. Shelter-71 (arrowed). This picture encapsulates the typical rocky and treeless environment of the Gorges today – and how the record of the rock shelters represents tiny windows into the very different vegetation of the past. C. Shelter-58, view from within the shelter, out over Lake Dunstan in the Cromwell Gorge. D. Shelter-69 (arrowed) above the vehicle track. E. Shelter-31. Vehicle track in the background. F. Shelter-43 (arrowed). Longest icicles are about 400 mm. G. Shelter-83. Trowel (260 mm) for scale. H. Shelter-83, internal view to show 'piedmont' of remaining sediment. Grey and brown mid-late Holocene material is overlain by a post-European cap of light material with rabbit and sheep coprolites. Trowel (260 mm) for scale.

FIGURE 16 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 16. Myrsine divaricata cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Margin of a leaf showing dark glandular structures, situated just inside the margin, and veins, projecting from below (LX2515, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 1 mm). B. Typical abaxial surface cuticle showing scattered stomatal complexes and the stem of a peltate trichome (the cap has detached) at right (LX2557, Shelter-50, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Detail showing an intact peltate trichome at left and two stomatal complexes at right. Note the highly sinuous margins of the epidermal and subsidiary cells (LX2789, Coprolite-21, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. Typical non-stomatal (adaxial) surface showing the distinctive ridged ornamentation and obscured outlines of the epidermal cells (LX2811 Shelter-96, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 3 in New records of Bjuvia and Nilssonia from the Permian of Mexico

FIGURE 3. Specimens of cf. Bjuvia sp. A) Largest specimen, CFZ-MTZ540. B) Specimen CFZ-MTZ583, in which a reduction in width toward the edges of the lamina can be observed. C) Close-up of specimen CFZ-MTZ540, in which the type of attachment of the lamina can be observed. D) Parallel venation observed in specimen CFZ-MTZ540. E) Adaxial cuticle extracted from specimen CFZ-MTZ583, with undulating epidermal walls. F) Abaxial cuticle extracted from specimen CFZ-MTZ540, in which straight epidermal cells can be observed. G and J) Stomata in the abaxial part of the cuticle of specimen CFZ-MTZ540, black arrows indicate papillae over stomatal opening and white arrows indicate subsidiary cells. H) Stomatal arrangement observed in the abaxial cuticle. I) Close-up of the adaxial cuticle where a simple trichome is observed, arrow indicates simple trichome. Abbreviations: m, leaf margin; r, rachis. Scale. A 5 cm, B and C 1 cm, D 0.5 cm, E, F and H 100µ, G 10 µ, I-J 50µ.

FIGURE 7 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 7. Poaceae cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Showing characteristic long and short epidermal cells, and an (arrowed) stomatal complex (LX2529, Shelter-102, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Detail, including a stomatal complex (LX2533, Shelter-80, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. A zone of long and short epidermal cells above, and a zone of epidermal cells with trichomes below (LX3184, Shelter-10, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Two zone of long and short epidermal cells with a zone of purely long cells between (LX3224, Shelter-108, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 4 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 4. The Roxburgh Region, showing shelter locations (blue dots) centered on the Roxburgh Gorge. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Lines indicate the 'sectors'.

FIGURE 1 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 1. General location, indicating Central Otago in New Zealand and the three 'regions' that were studied.

FIGURE 3 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 3. The Cromwell Region, showing shelter locations (blue dots) to the east of Lake Dunstan and within the Cromwell Gorge. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Lines indicate the 'sectors'.

FIGURE 6 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 6. Examples of the dried vegetation zone in Cromwell Region shelters. A. Shelter-41. Surface view of an extracted mass of chewed twigs and leaf fragments. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. B. Shelter-40. Cross section showing a brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed) below a grey zone of lithic rubble and capped by a zone within which sheep and rabbit coprolites are prominent. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. C. Shelter-46. Lens of twigs and leaf material below ballpoint pen (140 mm) and trowel, exposed in the face of a relict 'piedmont' of sediment. D. Shelter-71. A relatively thick brown, vegetation-rich zone adjacent trowel, capped by a pale lithic rubble. This is a close up of the floor of the shelter in Figure 5B. Trowel (260 mm) for scale. E. Shelter-78. Cross-section of an extracted lump of fine twigs and leaf material. Hand for scale. F. Shelter-28. Cross section of a sand-rich zone of dry vegetation and moa feathers. Rock hammer (handle 35 mm wide) for scale. G. Shelter-83. Surface view of extracted block of silt-rich sediment, with dried leaves on the partings. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. H. Shelter-88. Small relict 'piedmont' of sediment to left of trowel (260 mm), with brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed).

FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A. Abaxial surface, showing typical range of stomatal complexes and orientation (LX5560, Shelter-6, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Detail of stomatal complexes showing the prominent outer stomatal ledges and thickened polar T-pieces (LX5338, Coprolite-106, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 2 in New records of Bjuvia and Nilssonia from the Permian of Mexico

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic sections of the collecting outcrops. A) Sequence of rocks that outcrop on kilometer #89 of the Tehuacán-Oaxaca highway, the two collection zones can be observed. B) Sequence of rocks that outcrop from the river "Paso Hondo" to the outskirts of the town of Coatepec, Puebla; the different collecting layers can be observed.

FIGURE 15 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 15. Malvaceae (Plagianthus sp. or Hoheria sp.) abaxial surface cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Stellate trichome at upper right (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm. B. Stellate trichome at upper right, group of stomatal complexes at lower left (LX2951, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. 'balloon' trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. two-armed trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 14 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 14. Muehlenbeckia sp. A. Abaxial surface with stomatal complexes below and peltate trichome with divided base above (LX2891, Shelter-95, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Three stomatal complexes among fine surface ridging and peltate trichome with divided base at lower left (LX3100, Coprolite-36, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 4 in New records of Bjuvia and Nilssonia from the Permian of Mexico

FIGURE 4. Specimens of leaves of Cycadophytes. A) Nilssonia sp. Specimen CFZ-MTZ266, the arrow indicates an area in which it is observed how the leaf covers the rachis. B) Parallel and dichotomous venation of Nilssonia sp. C) Parallel venation of Taeniopteris lentriculiformis, specimen CFZ-MTZ330. D) Specimen of Taeniopteris lentriculiformis. E) Taeniopteris crassinervis, specimen CFZMtz-713. F) Parallel and dichotomous venation of Taeniopteris crassinervis. Symbols: m, leaf margin; r, rachis; the arrows indicate the areas with dichotomous venation. Scale. A, D-F 1 cm, B and C 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 9 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 9. Sophora cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. View of S. microphylla stomatal (abaxial) surface showing deeply stained trichome bases, papillae, and stomatal complexes (LX2799, Shelter-96, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. View of S. microphylla stomatal (abaxial) surface of less-stained specimen, but still showing relatively well-stained trichome bases, papillae, and stomatal complexes (LX2590, Shelter-50, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Detail to show stomatal complexes, partly obscured by irregular papillae (LX3052, from Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. View of S. microphylla non-stomatal (adaxial) surface, with deeply staining trichome attachment at right (LX3052, Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. View of S. microphylla non-stomatal (adaxial) surface, with four deeply staining trichome attachments. Note the characteristic radiating surrounding epidermal cells (LX3006, Shelter-76, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. View of basal portion of S. microphylla leaf mid-rib (abaxial surface), showing dense trichome attachment sites (LX3106, Shelter-39, scale bar equals 100 μm). G. View of another style of S. microphylla cuticle morphology from basal portion of the leaf mid-rib (abaxial surface), showing dense trichome attachment sites, and thinner cuticle on either side (LX3052, Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 100 μm). H. Abaxial cuticle of Sophora prostrata. Note clearly different from S. microphylla in absence of trichome attachment sites, and distinct ring of subsidiary cells around the stoma (OPH5491, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 10 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 10. Rubus sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface, showing a typical massive, flanged and hollow trichome attachment, at left, and more poorly staining cuticle with stomatal complexes in the upper right (LX2775, Coprolite-8, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. A patch of stomatal complexes, showing their typically poorly defined outlines and the sinuous walls of the epidermal and subsidiary cells (LX2818, Shelter-96, scale bar equals 100 μm).