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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

data postprocessing for the EMEP local city source contribution

- First edition by A. Valdebenito (Norwegian Meteorological Institute) similar codes were used in the country source contribution calculations: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1787-2020 -updated for the analysis and the publication by M. Pommier

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Data Tables from contribution titled "Joint geophysical-petrological modeling on the Ivrea geophysical body beneath Valsesia, Italy: Constraints on the continental lower crust" published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

TABLE CAPTIONS Table 1: Average and specific bulk compositions of the representative exposed primitive rocks of the deep lower crust and upper mantle of the IVZ (Balmuccia and Lower Mafic Complex in Valsesia, Finero in Val Cannobina, and Sessera river in Val Sessera) used for the Perple_X calculations using the two thermodynamic models STX11 and HP02. Mn, Ni, P, and Cr were not used for the Perple_X calculations. Mg# is calculated as Mg / (Mg + Fe) (mole fractions). Symbols in the last row indicate the rock compositions that are reported (✓) and not reported (✗) in Figure 5. Average compositions are normalized to 100 wt.% on a volatile-free basis; specific compositions report original totals and H2O contents estimated based on the volumetric proportions hydrous minerals (amphibole and phlogopite) at the scale of the bulk rock. References: 1) Voshage et al. (1990); 2) Voshage et al. (1990), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 3) Pin and Sills (1986); 4) Pin and Sills (1986), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 5) Shervais and Mukasa (1991) and Mazzucchelli et al. (2009); 6) Sinigoi et al. (1991; 2011); 7) Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993); 8) Coltorti and Siena (1984); 9) Siena and Coltorti (1989), Lu et al. (1997a; b), and Stähle et al. (2001).   Table 2: Summary of VP and r from the thermodynamic calculations based on representative rock compositions listed in Table 1. Mineral abbreviations: Pl = plagioclase, Spl = spinel, Grt = garnet, Ky = kyanite, Px = pyroxene, Cr-Di = Cr-diopisde, Am = amphibole, Phl = phlogopite.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Pre-introduction introgression contributes to parallel differentiation and contrasting hybridisation outcomes between invasive and native marine mussels

Non-native species experience novel selection pressures in introduced environments and may interbreed with native lineages. Species introductions therefore provide opportunities to investigate repeated patterns of adaptation and introgression across replicated contact zones. Here, we investigate genetic parallelism between multiple introduced populations of the invasive marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, in the absence (South Africa and California) and presence of hybridisation with a native congener (Mytilus planulatus in Batemans Bay and Sydney Harbour, Australia). Repeatability in post-introduction differentiation from native-range populations varied between genetically distinct Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages, with Atlantic-derived introductions displaying high differentiation (maxFST>0.4) and parallelism at outlier loci. Identification of long non-coding RNA transcripts (lncRNA) additionally allowed us to clarify that parallel responses are largely limited to protein-coding loci, with lncRNAs likely evolving under evolutionary constraints. Comparisons of independent hybrid zones revealed differential introgression most strongly in Batemans Bay, with an excess of M. galloprovincialis ancestry and resistance to introgression at loci differentiating parental lineages (M. planulatus and Atlantic M. galloprovincialis). Additionally, contigs putatively introgressed with divergent alleles from a closely related species, Mytilus edulis, showed stronger introgression asymmetries compared to genome-wide trends and also diverged in parallel in both Atlantic-derived introductions. These results suggest that divergent demographic histories experienced by introduced lineages, including pre-introduction introgression, influences contemporary admixture dynamics. Our findings build on previous investigations reporting contributions of historical introgression to intrinsic reproductive architectures shared between marine lineages and illustrate that interspecific introgression history can shape differentiation between colonising populations and their hybridisation with native congeners.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Microsatellite genotypes and associated data for: The contribution of clonality to population genetic structure in the sea anemone Diadumene lineata

Ecological and evolutionary processes differ depending on how genetic diversity is organized in space. For clonal organisms, the organization of both genetic and genotypic diversity can influence the fitness effects of competition, the mating system, and reproductive mode, which are key drivers of life cycle evolution. Understanding how individual reproductive behavior contributes to population genetic structure is essential for disentangling these forces, particularly in species with complex and plastic life cycles. The widespread sea anemone Diadumene lineata exhibits temperature-dependent fission which contributes to predictable variation in clonal rate along the Atlantic coast of the United States, part of its non-native range. Because warmer conditions lead to higher rates of clonality, we expected to find lower genotypic and genetic diversity in lower versus higher latitude populations. We developed primers for 11 microsatellite loci and genotyped 207 anemones collected from 8 sites ranging from Florida to Massachusetts. We found clonal influence at all sites, and as predicted, the largest clones were found at lower latitude sites. We also found genetic signatures of sex in the parts of the range where gametogenesis is most common. Evidence of sex outside the native range is novel for this species and provides insights into the dynamics of this successful invader. Our findings also illustrate challenges that partially clonal taxa pose for eco-evolutionary studies, such as difficulty sampling statistically robust numbers of genets and interpretating common population genetic metrics. For example, we found high among-locus variation in Fis, which makes the meaning of mean multilocus Fis unclear.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Transcription regulator ACTR contributes pathogenicity through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in Alternaria alternata

Host-selective ACT toxin are critical for the pathogenesis of the citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. The biosynthesis of ACT toxin is mainly regulated by multiple ACT toxin genes located in the secondary metabolite gene cluster. However, the regulatory hierarchy of ACT toxin synthesis by these ACT genes have not been explored. In this study, we reported a transcription regulator ACTR contributes ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in Alternaria alternata. We generated ACTR-disrupted and -silenced mutants in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata. Phenotype analysis showed that the ACTR mutants displayed a significant loss of ACT toxin production and a decreased virulence on citrus leaves whereas the vegetative growth and sporulation were not affected, indicating an essential role of ACTR in both ACT toxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity. To elucidate the transcription network of ACTR, we performed RNA-Seq experiments on wild-type and ACTR null mutant and identified genes that were differentially expressed between two genotypes. Transcriptome profiling and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the ACT toxin biosynthetic gene ACTS4 is down-regulated in ACTR mutant. We generated ACTS4 knock-down mutant and found that the pathogenicity of ACTS4 mutant was severely impaired. Interestingly, both ACTR and ACTS4 are not involved in the response to different abiotic stresses including oxidative stress, salt stress, cell-wall disrupting regents, and Cu2+, indicating the function of these two genes is highly specific. In conclusion, our results highlight the important regulatory role of ACTR in ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 and underline the essential role of in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

The demographic contributions of connectivity versus local dynamics to population growth of an endangered bird

1. Conservation and management increasingly focus on connectivity, because connectivity driven by variation in immigration rates across landscapes is thought to be crucial for maintaining local population and metapopulation persistence. Yet, efforts to quantify the relative role of immigration on population growth across the entire range of species and over time have been lacking. 2. We assessed whether immigration limited local and range-wide population growth of the endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida, USA, over 18 years using multi-state, reverse-time modeling that accounts for imperfect detection of individuals and unobservable states. Demographic contributions of immigration varied depending on the dynamics and geographic position of the local populations, were scale-dependent, and changed over time. 3. By comparing the relative contributions of immigration versus local demography for periods of significant change in local abundance, we found empirical evidence for a disproportionately large role of immigration in facilitating population growth of a centrally-located population—a connectivity 'hub'. The importance of connectivity changed depending of the spatial scale considered, such that immigration was more important driver of population growth at small versus large spatial scales. Furthermore, the contribution of immigration was much greater during time periods when local population size was small, emphasizing abundance-dependent rescue effects. 4. Our findings suggest that efforts aimed at improving local breeding habitat will likely be most effective at increasing snail kite population growth. More broadly, our results provide much needed information on the role of connectivity for population growth, suggesting that connectivity conservation may have the greatest benefits when efforts focus on centrally located habitat patches and small populations. Furthermore, our results highlight that connectivity is highly dynamic over time and that interpreting the effects of connectivity at local scales may not transfer to region-wide dynamics.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Variation of chemical compounds in wild Heliconiini reveals ecological and historical contributions to the evolution of chemical defences in mimetic butterflies

Evolutionary convergence of colour pattern in mimetic species is tightly linked with the evolution of chemical defences. Yet, the evolutionary forces involved in natural variations of chemical defences in aposematic species are still understudied. Herein, we focus on the evolution chemical defences in the butterfly tribe Heliconiini. These neo-tropical butterflies contain large concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanide-releasing compounds acting as predator deterrent. These compounds are either de novo synthesized or sequestered from their Passiflora host-plant, so that their concentrations may depend on host-plant specialization and host-plant availability. We sampled 375 wild Heliconiini butterflies across Central and South America, covering 43% species of this clade, and quantify individual variations in the different cyanogenic glucosides using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We detected new compounds and important variations in chemical defences both within and among species. Based on the most recent and well-studied phylogeny of Heliconiini, we show that ecological factors such as mimetic interactions and host-plant specialization have a significant association with chemical profiles, but these effects are largely explained by phylogenetic relationships. Our results therefore suggest that shared ancestries largely contribute to chemical defence variation, pointing out at the interaction between historical and ecological factors in the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

m6A-TWAS weights for "Genetic Analyses Support the Contribution of mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) Modification to Human Diseases Heritability"

We included the m6A-TWAS weights (trained using FUSION) for our manuscript "Genetic Analyses Support the Contribution of mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) Modification to Human Diseases Heritability".  This dataset is a supplement to the m6A QTL summary statistics data and imputed genotype data at https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3870952.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Important contribution of N2O5 hydrolysis to the daytime nitrate in Xi'an, China during haze periods: isotopic analysis and WRF-Chem model simulation

To quantify the contributions of major formation pathways to nitrate, a field observation, coupling with a WRF-Chem model simulation, was conducted in Xi’an, an inland megacity of China. Here is the dataset of ions, stable isotope compositions of nitrogen and oxygen of nitrate, T, RH and the results simulated by WRF-Chem model.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Measurement report: quantifying source contribution of fossil fuels and biomass-burning black carbon aerosol in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Anthropogenic emissions of Black carbon (BC) aerosol are transported from Southeast Asia to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the pre-monsoon; however, the quantities of BC from different anthropogenic sources and the transport mechanisms are still not well constrained because there have been no high-time-resolution BC source apportionments. Intensive measurements were taken in a transport channel for pollutants from Southeast Asia to the southeastern margin of TP during the pre-monsoon to investigate the influences of fossil fuels and biomass burning on BC. A receptor model coupled multi-wavelength absorption with aerosol species concentrations was used to retrieve site-specific Ångström exponents (AAE) and mass absorption cross-sections (MAC) for BC. An ‘aethalometer model’ that used those values showed that biomass burning had a larger contribution to BC mass than fossil fuels (BCbiomass = 57% versus BCfossil = 43%). The potential source contribution function indicated that BCbiomass was transported to the site from northeastern India and northern Burma, The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model indicated that 40% of BCbiomass originated from Southeast Asia, while the high BCfossil was transported from the southwest of sampling site. A radiative transfer model indicated that the average atmospheric direct radiative effects (DRE) of BC was +4.6 ± 2.4 W m-2 with +2.5 ± 1.8 W m-2 from BCbiomass and +2.1 ± 0.9 W m-2 from BCfossil. The DRE of BCbiomass and BCfossil produced heating rates of 0.07 ± 0.05 and 0.06 ± 0.02 K day-1, respectively. This study provides insights into sources of BC over a transport channel to the southeastern TP and the influence of the cross-border transportation of biomass burning emissions from Southeast Asia during the pre-monsoon.

Figure 12 in Additional contributions to the knowledge of Philippine predatory mites mainly of the subfamilies Cunaxinae and Cunaxoidinae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae)

Figure 12 Scutopalus clavatus (Shiba), female idiosoma: a – dorsum; b – venter. Scale bar 100 µm.

Figure 7 in Additional contributions to the knowledge of Philippine predatory mites mainly of the subfamilies Cunaxinae and Cunaxoidinae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae)

Figure 7 Lupaeus longisetus (Corpuz-Raros), female: a – gnathosoma; b – chelicera. Scale bar 50 µm.

Figure 2 Cunaxa minidiscondyla n in Additional contributions to the knowledge of Philippine predatory mites mainly of the subfamilies Cunaxinae and Cunaxoidinae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae)

Figure 2 Cunaxa minidiscondyla n. sp., female idiosoma: a – dorsum; b – venter. Scale bar 100 µm.

Figure 1 Cunaxa minidiscondyla n in Additional contributions to the knowledge of Philippine predatory mites mainly of the subfamilies Cunaxinae and Cunaxoidinae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae)

Figure 1 Cunaxa minidiscondyla n. sp., female: a – subcapitulum; b – palp; c – chelicera. Scale bar

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

Microhabitat contributes to microgeographic divergence in threespine stickleback

Since the New Synthesis, most migration-selection balance theory predicted that there should be negligible differentiation over small spatial scales (relative to dispersal), because gene flow should erode any effect of divergent selection. Nevertheless, there are classic examples of microgeographic divergence, which theory suggests can arise under specific conditions: exceptionally strong selection, phenotypic plasticity in philopatric individuals, or non-random dispersal. Here, we present evidence of microgeographic morphological variation within lake and stream populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). It seems reasonable to assume, and most researchers have, that a given lake or stream population of fish is well-mixed. However, we found this assumption to be untenable. We examined trap-to-trap variation in 34 morphological traits measured on stickleback from 16 lakes and 16 streams. Most traits varied appreciably among traps within populations. Both between-trap distance and microhabitat characteristics like depth and substrate explained some of the within-population morphological variance. Microhabitat was also associated with genotype at particular loci but there was no genetic isolation by distance, implying that heritable habitat preferences may contribute to microgeographic variation. Our study adds to growing evidence that microgeographic divergence can occur across small spatial scales within individuals' daily dispersal neighborhood where gene flow is expected to be strong.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Contribution of males to brood care can compensate for their food consumption from a shared resource

The sharing of the same food source among parents and offspring can be a driver of the evolution of family life and parental care. However, if all family members desire the same meal, competitive situations can arise, especially if resource depletion is likely. When food is shared for reproduction and the raising of offspring, parents have to decide whether they should invest in self-maintenance or in their offspring and it is not entirely clear how these two strategies are balanced. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, parents care for their offspring either bi- or uniparentally at a vertebrate carcass as the sole food source. The question of whether biparental care in this species offers the offspring a better environment for development compared with uniparental care has been the subject of some debate. We tested the hypothesis that male contribution to biparental brood care has a beneficial effect on offspring fitness but that this effect can be masked because the male also feeds from the shared resource. We show that a mouse carcass prepared by two Nicrophorus beetles is lighter compared with a carcass prepared by a single female beetle at the start of larval hatching and provisioning. This difference in carcass mass can influence offspring fitness when food availability is limited, supporting our hypothesis. Our results provide new insights into the possible evolutionary pathway of biparental care in this species of burying beetles.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Cytonuclear incompatibility contributes to the early stages of speciation

Genetic incompatibility is a hallmark of speciation. Cytonuclear incompatibilities are proposed to be among the first genetic barriers to arise during speciation. Accordingly, reproductive isolation (RI) within species should be heavily influenced by interactions between the organelle and nuclear genomes. However, there are few clear examples of cytonuclear incompatibility within a species. Here, we show substantial postzygotic RI in first-generation hybrids between differentiated populations of an herbaceous plant (up to 92% reduction in fitness). RI was primarily due to germination and survival, with moderate RI for pollen viability. RI for survival was asymmetric and caused by cytonuclear incompatibility, with the strength of incompatibility linearly related to chloroplast genetic distance. This cytonuclear incompatibility may be the result of a rapidly evolving plastid genome. Substantial asymmetric RI was also found for germination, but was not associated with cytonuclear incompatibility, indicating endosperm or maternal-zygote incompatibilities. These results demonstrate that cytonuclear incompatibility contributes to RI within species, suggesting that initial rates of speciation could be influenced by rates of organelle evolution. However, other genetic incompatibilities are equally important, indicating that even at early stages, speciation can be a complex process involving multiple genes and incompatibilities.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species

Despite long‐standing interest in the evolutionary ecology of plants that share pollinators, few studies have explored how these interactions may affect communities during both community assembly (ecological sorting) and through ongoing, in situ evolution (character displacement), and how the effects of these interactions may change with community context. To determine if communities display patterns consistent with ecological sorting, we assessed the frequency of co‐occurrence of four species of Clarkia in the southern Sierra foothills (Kern County, CA, USA). To investigate potential character displacement, we measured pollination‐related traits on plants grown in a greenhouse common garden from seed collected in communities with one, two, or four Clarkia species. Among the four species of Clarkia in this region, the two species that are often found in multi‐species communities also co‐occur with one another more frequently than expected under a null model. This pattern is consistent with ecological sorting, although further investigation is needed to determine the role of pollinators in shaping community assembly. Patterns of trait variation in a common garden suggest that these two species have diverged in floral traits and converged in flowering time where they co‐occur, which is consistent with character displacement. Trait variation across community types also suggests that the process and outcome of character displacement may vary with community context. Because community context appears to affect both the direction and magnitude of character displacement, change in more species‐rich communities may not be predictable from patterns of change in simpler communities.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Mar 2020View details →

Figure 9 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian

Figure 9. (A-B) Podischnus Burmeister species, heads of females, dorsal. (C-D) Pronotum of females, dorsal. (E-F) Left elytron of females, dorsal. (A) P. limeirai sp. nov. (B, D, F) P. agenor (Olivier). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (E) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). Red arrows: medial area of the anterior pronotal border narrow in (A), posteriorly projected in (B). Scale bars: 2 mm.