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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Supplemental Data for "Shape changes and cooperativity in the folding of central domain of the 16S ribosomal RNA"
<p>This is data set associated with an article "Shape changes and cooperativity in the folding of central domain of the 16S ribosomal RNA" by Naoto Hori, Natalia A. Denesyuk, and D. Thirumalai. See README.txt file for the format of the data set.</p>
Hearing sensitivity and amplitude coding in bats are differentially shaped by echolocation calls and social calls
Differences in auditory perception between species are influenced by phylogenetic origin and the perceptual challenges imposed by the natural environment, e.g. detecting prey- or predator-generated sounds and communication signals. Bats are well suited for comparative studies on auditory perception since they predominantly rely on echolocation to perceive the world, while their social calls and most environmental sounds have low frequencies. We tested if hearing sensitivity and stimulus level coding in bats differ between high and low frequency ranges by measuring auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of 86 bats belonging to 11 species. In most species, auditory sensitivity was equally good at both high and low frequency ranges, while amplitude was more finely coded for higher frequency ranges. Additionally, we conducted a phylogenetic comparative analysis by combining our ABR data with published data on 27 species. Species-specific peaks in hearing sensitivity correlated with peak frequencies of echolocation calls and pup isolation calls, suggesting that changes in hearing sensitivity evolved in response to frequency changes of echolocation and social calls. Overall, our study provides the most comprehensive comparative assessment of bat hearing capacities to date and highlights the evolutionary pressures acting on their sensory perception.
The role of semantics in the perceptual organization of shape
<p>Dataset relative to the following publication:</p> <p>Schmidt, F., Kleis, J., Morgenstern, Y., & Fleming, R. W. (2020). The role of semantics in the perceptual organization of shape. <em>Scientific Reports, 10</em>, 22141. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79072-w">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79072-w</a></p> <p>Each experiment folder contains the data relative to one experiment and a Matlab script for plotting the data, together with a text file with comments. The stimuli folder contains image files of all experimental stimuli and corresponding copyright information.</p>
Data from: Biogeography and anthropogenic impact shape the success of invasive wasps on New Zealand's offshore islands
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>The theory of island biogeography predicts that the susceptibility of an island to invasion is determined by its isolation and size. However, many island ecosystems have been intensely modified by humans. Here, we investigated the biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic drivers of invasive social wasps on 36 offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>Islands off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.</p> <p><b>Taxa</b></p> <p><i>Vespula germanica</i> (Fabricius, 1793), <i>Vespula vulgaris </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) and <i>Polistes chinensis antennalis </i>(Fabricius, 1793)<i>, Polistes humilis </i>(Fabricius, 1781).</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used GIS software for in situ randomisation of plots on each island (36 islands, 409 plots) and conducted 5-minute wasp counts to estimate wasp abundance. Wasp abundance and canopy cover were recorded at each plot. Island isolation was measured using GIS software. Data on island size, human settlement and the presence of introduced rats (<i>Rattus</i> spp.) were collated from the literature and island managers. The number of boat docks per island was counted from satellite images. A generalised linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was fitted to identify drivers of <i>Vespula</i> and <i>Polistes</i> abundance on offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>The abundance of <i>Vespula</i> was negatively correlated with island isolation and canopy cover, yet positively correlated with island size. <i>Vespula</i> were also more abundant on islands that have been settled by humans. The abundance of <i>Polistes</i> was negatively correlated with canopy cover. Finally, results did not support the notion that invasive wasps were associated with introduced rats on New Zealand's offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>Our findings highlight the importance of biogeographic factors, such as island size and isolation, for species invasions, and suggest that intact forest cover could contribute to biotic resistance to invasive wasps in island ecosystems. Studies of invasive species should consider the joint effects of biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic factors to best inform conservation management.ealand's North Island.</p>
Dataset used for the submitted manuscript "The hump-shaped effect of plant functional diversity on the biological control of a multi-species pest community"
<p>Dataset</p>
FIGURE 3 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of the Cladonotus species. For C. turrifer, marked with question mark, there are no confirmed localities. The pronotum silhouette is schematically shown in the legend for each species. Schemes are not in ratio.
FIGURE 1 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 1. The cockcomb-shaped twighopper, C. bhaskari sp. n. female in the natural habitat, the type locality, Sabaragamawa (rainforests of SW Sri Lanka: Sinharaja). Holotype female, and holotype collection label. Photo Tom Kirschey, November 19th, 2016.
FIGURE 2 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 2. The cockscomb-shaped twighopper in a museum collection. Holotype female of Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n. A—detail of the fronto-dorsal projection, B—lateral view, C—dorsal view, D—pulvilli of the hind tarsi, and E—head in frontal view.
Metabolic rate shapes phenotypic covariance among physiological, behavioral, and life history traits in honeybees
<p><span>Metabolic rate is often cited as the fundamental rate that determines the rate of all biological processes by shaping energetic availability for the various behavioral and life history traits that contribute to performance. It has therefore been suggested that metabolic rate drives the widely observed covariance among these different levels of phenotypic traits. However, much of the work on this topic has relied on pairwise correlational analysis, thereby leaving an important gap in our understanding regarding the functional links that shape this phenotypic covariance, often referred to as pace-of-life. Using honeybees as an experimental model, we measured a large number of behavioral, life history and physiological traits in individual bees and used a structural equation model to characterize the phenotypic covariance structure among these traits. Following this with a path analysis, we demonstrate that variation in metabolic rate plays a fundamental proximate role in driving this phenotypic covariance structure in honeybees. We discuss the importance of these findings in the context of how interindividual variation in terms of slow-fast phenotypes may drive the phenotype of a group and the functional role metabolic rate might play in shaping division of labor and social evolution.</span></p>
Data from: Trait plasticity and tradeoffs shape intraspecific variation in competitive response in a foundation tree species
<ul> <li>The ability to tolerate neighboring plants (i.e., degree of competitive response) is a key determinant of plant success in high-competition environments. Plant genotypes adjust their functional trait expression under high levels of competition, which may help explain intraspecific variation in competitive response. However, the relationships between traits and competitive response are not well understood, especially in trees. In this study, we investigated among-genotype associations between tree trait plasticity and competitive response. </li> <li>We manipulated competition intensity in experimental stands of trembling aspen (<i>Populus tremuloides</i>) to address the covariance between competition-induced changes in functional trait expression and aspects of competitive ability at the genotype level. </li> <li>Genotypic variation in the direction and magnitude of functional trait responses, especially those of crown foliar mass, phytochemistry, and leaf physiology, was associated with genotypic variation in competitive response. Traits exhibited distinct plastic responses to competition, with varying degrees of genotypic variation and covariance with other trait responses. </li> <li>The combination of genotypic diversity and covariance among functional traits led to tree responses to competition that were coordinated among traits yet variable among genotypes. Such relationships between tree traits and competitive success have the potential to shape stand-level trait distributions over space and time. </li> </ul>
The first insight into the patterns of size and shape variation of a microcerberid isopod, Supplementary files
<p>Supplementary files of the manuscript, "The first insight into the patterns of size and shape variation of a microcerberid isopod" in Water with tables and software save files.</p>
FIGURES 1–7. Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, 5 in The larva of Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, including a discriminatory matrix to the Rhyacophila larvae with comb-shaped gills of Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Rhyacophilidae, Trichoptera)
FIGURES 1–7. Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, 5th instar larva. 1, head, dorsal (ac = anteclypeus; fa = frontal apotome; lb = labrum; p = parietale; small numbers refer to setal positions); 2, head, ventral (ps = prosternite; va = ventral apotome; small numbers refer to setal positions); 3, head and prothorax, right lateral (es = episternum; ps = pleural suture; tr = trochantin; small numbers refer to setal positions); 4, mandibles, ventro-apical (a = apical tooth; b = basal tooth; c = cutting edge; l = labial palp; lm = left mandible; m = maxillary palp; rm = right mandible; s = submentum; va = ventral apotome;); 5, prothorax, dorsal (small numbers refer to setal positions; 6, prosternite, surface view; 7, prosternite pitched anteriorly upward. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 15–19. Figure 15. Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, 5 in The larva of Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, including a discriminatory matrix to the Rhyacophila larvae with comb-shaped gills of Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Rhyacophilidae, Trichoptera)
FIGURES 15–19. Figure 15. Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, 5th instar larva, tip of abdomen and anal proleg, right lateral (ac = anal claw; bd = distal 'b' sclerite; bv = ventral 'b' sclerite; c = 'c' sclerite; h = basoventral hook of sclerite 'b'; pb = proximal 'b' sclerite; sp = sword process; small numbers refer to setal positions; arrows = teeth on distal section of anal claw). Figures 16–19. Rhyacophila spp., 5th instar larvae. 16, R. torrentium Pictet 1834, head, dorsal; 17, R. torrentium, head, ventral; 18, R. torrentium, prosternite; 19, R. evoluta McLachlan 1879, prosternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (except Figs 18, 19: 0.2 mm).
FIGURES 20–21. Rhyacophila evoluta McLachlan 1879, 5 in The larva of Rhyacophila albardana McLachlan 1879, including a discriminatory matrix to the Rhyacophila larvae with comb-shaped gills of Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Rhyacophilidae, Trichoptera)
FIGURES 20–21. Rhyacophila evoluta McLachlan 1879, 5th instar larva. 20, head, dorsal; 21, head, ventral. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Data for Hydrogeochemical constraints shape hot spring microbial community compositions: Evidence from acidic, moderate-temperature springs and alkaline, high-temperature springs, southwestern Yunnan geothermal areas, China
<p>Original data for <strong>Hydrogeochemical constraints shape hot spring microbial community compositions: Evidence from acidic, moderate-temperature springs and alkaline, high-temperature springs, southwestern Yunnan geothermal areas, China. </strong></p>
A novel body plan alters diversification of body shape and genitalia in live-bearing fish
<p>Major evolutionary innovations can greatly influence subsequent evolution. While many major transitions occurred in the deep past, male live-bearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) more recently evolved a novel body plan. This group possesses a three-region axial skeleton, with one region—the ano-urogenital region—representing a unique body region accommodating male genitalic structures (gonopodial complex). Here we evaluate several hypotheses for the evolution of diversity in this region and examine its role in the evolution of male body shape. Examining <i>Gambusia</i> fishes, we tested <i>a priori</i> predictions for 1) joint influence of gonopodial-complex traits on mating performance, 2) correlated evolution of gonopodial-complex traits at macro- and microevolutionary scales, and 3) predator-driven evolution of gonopodial-complex traits in a post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish. We found the length of the sperm-transfer organ (gonopodium) and its placement along the body (gonopodial anterior transposition) jointly influenced mating success, with correlational selection favoring particular trait combinations. Despite these two traits functionally interacting during mating, we found no evidence for their correlated evolution at macro- or microevolutionary scales. In contrast, we did uncover correlated evolution of modified vertebral hemal spines (part of the novel body region) and gonopodial anterior transposition at both evolutionary scales, matching predictions of developmental connections between these components. Developmental linkages in the ano-urogenital region apparently play key roles in evolutionary trajectories, but multiple selective agents likely act on gonopodium length and cause less predictable evolution. Within Bahamas mosquitofish, evolution of hemal-spine morphology and gonopodial anterior transposition across predation regimes was quite predictable, with populations evolving under high predation risk showing more modified hemal spines with greater modifications and a more anteriorly positioned gonopodium. These changes in the ano-urogenital vertebral region have facilitated adaptive divergence in swimming abilities and body shape between predation regimes. Gonopodium surface area, but not length, evolved as predicted in Bahamas mosquitofish, consistent with a previously suggested tradeoff between natural and sexual selection on gonopodium size. These results provide insight into how restructured body plans offer novel evolutionary solutions. Here, a novel body region—originally evolved to aid sperm transfer—was apparently co-opted to alter whole-organism performance, facilitating phenotypic diversification.</p>
Data from: Competitive history shapes rapid evolution in a seasonal climate
<p>Eco-evolutionary dynamics will play a critical role in determining species' fates as climatic conditions change. Unfortunately, we have little understanding of how rapid evolutionary responses to climate play out when species are embedded in the competitive communities that they inhabit in nature. We tested the effects of rapid evolution in response to interspecific competition on subsequent ecological and evolutionary trajectories in a seasonally changing climate using a field-based evolution experiment with <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Populations of <i>D. melanogaster</i> were either exposed, or not exposed, to interspecific competition with an invasive competitor, <i>Zaprionus indianus</i>, over the summer. We then quantified these populations' ecological trajectories (abundances) and evolutionary trajectories (heritable phenotypic change) when exposed to a cooling fall climate. We found that competition with <i>Z. indianus </i>in the summer affected the subsequent evolutionary trajectory of <i>D. melanogaster</i> populations in the fall, after all interspecific competition had ceased. Specifically, flies with a history of interspecific competition evolved under fall conditions to be larger, have lower cold fecundity and faster development than flies without a history of interspecific competition. Surprisingly, this divergent fall evolutionary trajectory occurred in the absence of any detectible effect of the summer competitive environment on phenotypic evolution over the summer or population dynamics in the fall. This study demonstrates that competitive interactions can leave a legacy that shapes evolutionary responses to climate even after competition has ceased, and more broadly, that evolution in response to one selective pressure can fundamentally alter evolution in response to subsequent agents of selection.</p>
Data from: Demography and selection shape transcriptomic divergence in field crickets
Gene flow, demography, and selection can result in similar patterns of genomic variation and disentangling their effects is key to understanding speciation. Here, we assess transcriptomic variation to unravel the evolutionary history of Gryllus rubens and G. texensis, cryptic field cricket species with highly divergent mating behavior. We infer their demographic history and screen their transcriptomes for footprints of selection in the context of the inferred demography. We find strong support for a long history of bidirectional gene flow, which ceased during the late Pleistocene, and a bottleneck in G. rubens consistent with a peripatric origin of this species. Importantly, comparing the observed FST distribution with distributions from coalescent simulations under various demographic scenarios indicates that gene flow (without selection) strongly shaped patterns of genetic divergence. Genetic divergence at FST outlier loci could thus falsely be attributed to selection when not accounting for demographic history. We uncovered a subset of loci with signatures of selection, many of which are candidates for controlling variation in mating behavior. Our results underscore the importance of gene flow and demography in overall levels of genetic divergence and highlight that simultaneously examining demography and selection facilitates a more complete understanding of genetic divergence during speciation.
Data from: Independent axes of genetic variation and parallel evolutionary divergence of opercle bone shape in threespine stickleback
Evolution of similar phenotypes in independent populations is often taken as evidence of adaptation to the same fitness optimum. However, the genetic architecture of traits might cause evolution to proceed more often toward particular phenotypes, and less often toward others, independently of the adaptive value of the traits. Freshwater populations of Alaskan threespine stickleback have repeatedly evolved the same distinctive opercle shape after divergence from an oceanic ancestor. Here we demonstrate that this pattern of parallel evolution is widespread, distinguishing oceanic and freshwater populations across the Pacific Coast of North America and Iceland. We test whether this parallel evolution reflects genetic bias by estimating the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) of opercle shape in an Alaskan oceanic (putative ancestral) population. We find significant additive genetic variance for opercle shape and that G has the potential to be biasing, because of the existence of regions of phenotypic space with low additive genetic variation. However, evolution did not occur along major eigenvectors of G, rather occurred repeatedly in the same directions of high evolvability. We conclude that the parallel opercle evolution is most likely due to selection during adaptation to freshwater habitats, rather than due to biasing effects of opercle genetic architecture.
Data from: The effects of age, sex, and habitat on body size and shape of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus
Lake and stream habitats pose a variety of challenges to fishes due to differences in variables such as water velocity, habitat structure, prey community, and predator community. These differences can cause divergent selection on body size and/or shape. Here, we measured sex, age, length, and eight different morphological traits of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus, from 19 lake and stream populations across four river drainages in central Illinois. Our goal was to determine whether size and shape differed consistently between lake and stream habitats across drainages. We also considered the effects of age and sex as they may affect size and morphology. We found large differences in body size of age 1 topminnows where stream fish were generally larger than lake fish. Body shape mainly varied as a function of sex. Adult male topminnows had larger morphological traits (with the exception of body width) than females, in particular longer dorsal and anal base lengths. Subtle effects of habitat were present. Stream fish had a longer dorsal fin base than lake fish. These phenotypic patterns may be the result of genetic and/or environmental variation. As these lakes are human-made, the observed differences, if genetic, would have had to occur relatively rapidly (within about 100 years).
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