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Figure 59-62 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 59-62 Periclistus smilacis59 lateral habitus of lectotype 60 series of specimens and gall of lectotype 61 label of lectotype 62 dorsal habitus of lectotype.
Figure 63 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 63 Concatenated 28S and COI phylogram of the Smilax gall inhabitants estimated using Maximum Likelihood framework in IQ-TREE2. Black dots at the nodes indicate ≥90% ultrafast bootstrap support. Inset images in counterclockwise order: Stem gall induced by Aprostocetus smilax on Smilax havanensis, with emergence holes (photo by MWG); A. smilax, Sycophila smilax, Phylloxeroxenus smilax.
Figure 54-58 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 54-58 Diastrophus smilacis54 lateral habitus of holotype 55 dorsal habitus of holotype 56 gall of holotype 57 label of holotype 58 label of other specimens collected by C.V. Riley.
Figure 1 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 1 Illustration of the stem gall on Smilax havanensis induced by Aprostocetus smilax (top right), with the inset showing the internal structure and an egg. Two eurytomid parasitoids, Phylloxeroxenus smilax (middle right), and Sycophila smilax (bottom right) are included. Illustration by Taina Litwak.
Figure 45-53 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 45-53 Sycophila smilax45 ventral view of mesosoma 46 lateral view of female metasoma 47 ventral view of female petiole 48 lateral view of female petiole 49 closeup of female ovipositor 50 male antenna 51 dorsal view of male petiole 52 ventral view of male petiole 53 lateral view of male metasoma.
Figure 12-18 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466
Figure 12-18 Aprostocetus smilax12 dorsal view of female metasoma 13 ventral view of female metasoma 14 lateral view of female metasoma 15 male antenna 16 lateral view of male metasoma 17 ventral view of male metasoma 18 closeup of male genital opening.
Data from: Water-repellent plant surface structure induced by gall-forming insects for waste management
Many animals and plants have evolved elaborate water-repellent microstructures on their surface, which often play important roles in their ecological adaptation. Here we report a unique type of water-repellent structure on plant surface, which develops as an insect-induced plant morphology in a social context. Some social aphids form galls on their host plant, in which they produce large amount of hydrophobic wax. Excreted honeydew is coated by the powdery wax to form "honeydew balls", which are actively disposed by soldier nymphs through an opening on their gall. These activities are enabled by a highly water-repellent inner gall surface, and we discovered that this surface is covered with dense trichomes that are not found on normal plant surface. The trichomes are coated by fine particles of the insect-produced wax, thereby realizing a high water repellency with a cooperative interaction between aphids and plants. The plant leaves on which the gall is formed often exhibit patchy areas with dense trichomes, representing an ectopic expression of the insect-induced plant morphology. In the pouch-shaped closed galls of a related social aphid species, by contrast, the inner surface was not covered with trichomes. Our findings provide a convincing example of how the extended phenotype of an animal, expressed in a plant, plays a pivotal role in maintaining sociality.
Data from: Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gall wasps
Many herbivores employ reward-based mutualisms with ants to gain protection from natural enemies. We examine the evolutionary dynamics of a tetra-trophic interaction in which gall wasp herbivores induce their host oaks to produce nectar-secreting galls, which attract ants that provide protection from parasitoids. We show that, consistent with other gall defensive traits, nectar secretion has evolved repeatedly across the oak gall wasp tribe and also within a single genus (Disholcaspis) that includes many nectar-inducing species. Once evolved, nectar secretion is never lost in Disholcaspis, consistent with high defensive value of this trait. We also show that evolution of nectar secretion is correlated with a transition from solitary to aggregated oviposition, resulting in clustered nectar-secreting galls, which produce a resource that ants can more easily monopolize. Such clustering is commonly seen in ant guard mutualisms. We suggest that correlated evolution between maternal oviposition and larval nectar induction traits has enhanced the effectiveness of this gall defense strategy.
FIGURE 1. O in Description of a new species of Ovaticoccus Kloet (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) from Belize, with remarkably large hind coxae and causing leafcurl galls
FIGURE 1. O. amplicoxae. Drawing of slidemounted female.
FIGURE 3 in Pediobius sasae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a new species from galls on dwarf bamboo (Sasa nipponica) in Japan
FIGURE 3. Pediobius sasae sp. nov. Habitus, lateral view, male.
FIGURE 3 in Pediobius sasae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a new species from galls on dwarf bamboo (Sasa nipponica) in Japan
FIGURE 3. Pediobius sasae sp. nov. Habitus, lateral view, male.
FIGURE 20. A in Myrciariamyia admirabilis, a new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Erythroxylum suberosum (Erythroxylaceae)
FIGURE 20. A generalist caterpillar on Erythroxylum suberosum (Erythroxylaceae).
FIGURE 1 in A new thrips pest of Myoporum cultivars in California, in a new genus of leaf-galling Australian Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera)
FIGURE 1. Healthy and thrips-damaged Myoporum laetum in California.
FIGURE 15a–b in Asphondylia gochnatiae, a new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera (Asteraceae)
FIGURE 15a–b. Gall of Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, sp. nov. 15a, on leaves. 15b, on pedicels.
FIGURE 1 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 1. Ametallon carinatum sp. n., female: a) antenna lateral, b) forewing, c) thorax lateral.
FIGURE 5 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 5. Chrysonotomyia unimaculata sp. n.: a) male antenna, b) female antenna, c) male digitus.
FIGURE 7 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 7. Chrysonotomyia claviger sp. n.: a) female habitus, b) female gaster.
FIGURE 6 in Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with gall-inducing insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Panama
FIGURE 6. Chrysonotomyia claviger sp. n.: a) antenna lateral, b) forewing.
FIGURE 5 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 5. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, final-instar larva: A) left mandible. B) right mandible.
FIGURES 5–7 in Egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae) of the gall-making leafhopper Scenergates viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Uzbekistan, with taxonomic notes on the Palaearctic species of Aphelinoidea
FIGURES 5–7. Aphelinoidea sariq female (holotype). 5. Antenna. 6. Wings. 7. Body.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.