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Figures 8 in Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands
Figures 8 to 13. B. dapsiles (8), B. enochra (9), B. facialis (10), B. frauenfeldi (11), B. kirki (12), and B. lineata (13). All photos by Steve Wilson, Queensland Museum.
Figure 3 in Bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) and common vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) association in Honduras: prevalence, mean intensity, infracommunities and influence of the biological characteristics of the host
Figure 3. Infracommunities of bat flies and relative frequency, collected on D. rotundus between May 2018 to November 2019 in Honduras.
Figure 2 in Bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) and common vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) association in Honduras: prevalence, mean intensity, infracommunities and influence of the biological characteristics of the host
Figure 2. Infestation intensity of Strebla wiedemanni, Trichobius joblingi, T. parasiticus and T. caecus, collected on Desmodus rotundus between May 2018 to November 2019 in Honduras.
Figure 1 in Bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) and common vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) association in Honduras: prevalence, mean intensity, infracommunities and influence of the biological characteristics of the host
Figure 1. Geographic location of the study sites in Honduras: 1) Joya Grande, 2) Río Arcagual, 3) Los Ochales, 4) Lainez, 5) El Hizopo, 6) Cuevas de Talgua, 7) UNAG, 8 Kurpha. See Table 1 for details.
Jumping to new hosts: the diversification of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) in the context of their host plant associations
<p><span>Flea beetles (Alticini) represent one of the most diverse groups within the family Chrysomelidae and are associated with more than 100 different plant families. Conspicuously, only 10 genera account for about a quarter of flea beetle diversity, whereas about 380 genera each comprise less than ten species, indicating different rates of diversification within the Alticini. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 608 species in 101 Alticini genera using mitogenomes and cytochrome oxidase I, and applied several frameworks of clade-specific diversification rate analyses. Increased diversification rates were consistently detected in the cosmopolitan genera <em>Altica</em> and <em>Longitarsus</em>, the Palearctic genus <em>Phyllotreta</em>, and in neotropical taxa of the subtribe Oedionychina. In addition, we tested whether the evolution of specialized interactions with plants of the order Brassicales influenced the diversification of <em>Phyllotreta</em> and <em>Psylliodes</em> flea beetles. Specialization on Brassicales was only associated with increased diversification rates in <em>Phyllotreta</em> but not in <em>Psylliodes</em>. Our results indicate that host associations per se do not explain different diversification rates and lay the groundwork for investigating the evolutionary drivers of rapid radiations in Alticini.</span></p>
Parasitoid–host eavesdropping reveals temperature coupling of preferences to communication signals without genetic coupling
<p>Receivers of acoustic communication signals evaluate signal features to identify conspecifics. Changes in the ambient temperature can alter these features, rendering species recognition a challenge. To maintain effective communication, temperature coupling—changes in receiver signal preferences that parallel temperature-induced changes in signal parameters—occurs among genetically coupled signallers and receivers. Whether eavesdroppers of communication signals exhibit temperature coupling is unknown. Here, we investigate if the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea , an eavesdropper of cricket calling songs, exhibits song pulse rate preferences that are temperature coupled. We use a high-speed treadmill system to record walking phonotaxis at three ambient temperatures (21, 25, and 30°C) in response to songs that varied in pulse rates (20 to 90 pulses per second). Total walking distance, peak steering velocity, angular heading, and the phonotaxis performance index varied with song pulse rates and ambient temperature. The peak of phonotaxis performance index preference functions became broader and shifted to higher pulse rate values at higher temperatures. Temperature-related changes in cricket songs between 21 and 30°C did not drastically affect the ability of flies to recognize cricket calling songs. These results confirm that temperature coupling can occur in eavesdroppers that are not genetically coupled with signallers.</p>
High parasite virulence necessary for the maintenance of host outcrossing via parasite-mediated selection
<p>Biparental sex is widespread in nature, yet costly relative to uniparental reproduction. It is generally unclear why self-fertilizing or asexual lineages do not readily invade outcrossing populations. The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that coevolving parasites can prevent self-fertilizing or asexual lineages from invading outcrossing host populations. However, only highly virulent parasites are predicted to maintain outcrossing, which may limit the general applicability of the Red Queen hypothesis. Here, we tested whether the ability of coevolving parasites to prevent invasion of self-fertilization within outcrossing host populations was dependent on parasite virulence. We introduced wild-type <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> hermaphrodites, capable of both self-fertilization and outcrossing, into <em>C. elegans</em> populations fixed for a mutant allele conferring obligate outcrossing. Replicate <em>C. elegans</em> populations were exposed for 24 host generations to one of four strains of <em>Serratia marcescens</em> parasites that varied in virulence, under three treatments: a heat-killed (control, non-infectious) parasite treatment, a fixed-genotype (non-evolving) parasite treatment, and a copassaged (potentially coevolving) parasite treatment. As predicted, self-fertilization invaded <em>C. elegans</em> host populations in the control and fixed-parasite treatments, regardless of parasite virulence. In the copassaged treatment, selfing invaded host populations coevolving with low- to mid- virulent strains but remained rare in hosts coevolving with highly virulent bacterial strains. Therefore, we found that only highly virulent coevolving parasites can impede the invasion of selfing.</p>
The first arriving virus shapes within-host viral diversity during natural epidemics
Viral diversity has been discovered across scales from host individuals to populations. However, the drivers of viral community assembly are still largely unknown. Within-host viral communities are formed through coinfections, where the interval between the arrival times of viruses may vary. Priority effects describe the timing and order in which species arrive in an environment, and how early colonizers impact subsequent community assembly. To study the effect of the first-arriving virus on subsequent infection patterns of five focal viruses, we set up a field experiment using naïve Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic. Using joint species distribution modelling, we find both positive and negative effects of early season viral infection on late season viral colonization patterns. The direction of the effect depends on both the host genotype and which virus colonized the host early in the season. It is well-established that co-occurring viruses may change the virulence and transmission of viral infections. However, our results show that priority effects may also play an important, previously unquantified role in viral community assembly. The assessment of these temporal dynamics within a community ecological framework will improve our ability to understand and predict viral diversity in natural systems.
Host-associated genetic differentiation and origin of a recent host shift in the generalist parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa
<p>The branched broomrape, <em>Phelipanche ramosa</em> (L.) Pomel, is a parasitic weed that can infest several crops, notably tobacco, hemp and tomato. In western France, it has recently adapted to a new host, oilseed rape. We collected <em>P. ramosa</em> samples from fields cultivated with six different crops across Europe. Data from SSR markers and DNA sequences showed strong host-associated genetic differentiation.</p> <p>File SSRdata-Pramosa1611.txt contains sampling locations, host crops and microsatellite genotypes.</p> <p>Files BO1aligned.fas, ITSaligned.fas, RPL16aligned.fas and trnKtrnQaligned.fas contain aligned DNA sequences.</p>
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Aim:</span></strong><span> As species' ranges shift poleward in response to anthropogenic change, they may lose antagonistic interactions if they move into less diverse communities, fail to interact with novel populations or species effectively, or if ancestral interacting populations or species fail to shift synchronously. We leveraged a poleward range expansion in a tractable insect host-enemy community to uncover mechanisms by which altered antagonistic interactions between native and recipient communities contributed to "high niche opportunities" (limited biotic resistance) for a range-expanding insect. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Location:</span></strong><span> North America, Pacific Northwest</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> We created quantitative insect host-enemy interaction networks by sampling oak gall wasps on 400 trees of a dominant oak species in the native and expanded range of a range-expanding gall wasp species. We compared host-enemy network structure between regions. We measured traits (phenology, morphology) of galls and interacting parasitoids, predicting greater trait divergence in the expanded range. We measured function relating to host control and explored if altered interactions and traits contributed to reduced function or biotic resistance.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Interaction networks had fewer species in the expanded range and lower complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among host species. While networks were more generalized, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized in the expanded range. Specialist enemies effectively tracked the range-expanding host, and there was reduced apparent competition with co-occurring hosts by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages interacting with the range-expanding and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range, potentially contributing to weak apparent competition. Biotic resistance was lower in the expanded range, where fewer parasitoids emerged from galls of the range-expanding host.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Main conclusions:</span></strong><span> Changes in interactions with generalist enemies created high niche opportunities, and limited biotic resistance, suggesting weak apparent competition may be a mechanism of enemy release for range-expanding insects embedded within generalist enemy networks.</span></p>
Aggregation of symbionts on hosts depends on interaction type and host traits
<p>Symbionts tend to be aggregated on their hosts, such that few hosts harbor the majority of symbionts. This ubiquitous pattern can result from stochastic processes, but aggregation patterns may also depend on the type of host-symbiont interaction, plus traits that affect host exposure and susceptibility to symbionts. Untangling how aggregation patterns both within and among populations depend on stochastic processes, interaction type and host traits remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we address this challenge by using null models to compare aggregation patterns in a neutral system of Balanomorpha barnacles attached to patellid limpets and a host-parasite system of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and their Gyrodactylus spp. monogeneans. We first used a model to predict patterns of symbiont-host aggregation due to random partitioning of symbionts to hosts. This null model accurately predicted the aggregation of barnacles on limpets, but the degree of aggregation varied across 303 quadrats. Quadrats with larger limpets had less aggregated barnacles, whereas aggregation increased with variation in limpet size. Across 84 guppy populations, Gyrodactylus spp. parasites were significantly less aggregated than predicted by the null model. As in the neutral limpet-barnacle system, aggregation decreased with mean host size. Parasites were also significantly less aggregated on males than females because male guppies tended to have higher prevalence and lower parasite burdens than predicted by the null model. Together, these results suggest stochastic processes can explain aggregation patterns in neutral but not parasitic systems, though in both systems host traits affect aggregation patterns. Because the distribution of symbionts on hosts can affect symbiont evolution via intraspecific interactions, and reciprocally host behavior and evolution via host-symbiont interactions, identifying the drivers of aggregation enriches our understanding of host-symbiont interactions.</p>
Figs 7–12 in New Muscidae (Diptera) hosts of Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera: Conopidae) from the Afrotropical Region
Figs 7–12. (7, 8) Muscidae hosts impaled by Stylogaster (Conopidae) eggs (arrowed): (7) Pyrellina abdominalis Zielke, (8) same; (9–12) egg of Stylogaster sp. (host: Dimorphia tristis (Wiedemann), South Africa): (9) habitus, lateral; (10) details of posterior end, with cephalopharyngeal skeleton of larva; (11) details of cuticular spines of larva; (12) details of anterior end, illustrating barbs and surface sculpture.
Figs 1–6 in New Muscidae (Diptera) hosts of Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera: Conopidae) from the Afrotropical Region
Figs 1–6. Muscidae hosts impaled by Stylogaster (Conopidae) eggs: (1) Afromydaea debilis (Stein); (2) Coenosia ruwenzorica (Emden); (3) Dimorphia tristis (Wiedemann); (4) Hebecnema semiflava Stein; (5) Helina sp.; (6) Limnophora obsignata (Rondani). Arrows indicate Stylogaster eggs.
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the 215 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the 215 bp long cox1 sequences. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support (1,000 replicates; only values> 50% shown) for Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood, respectively. The scale-bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the cox1 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree estimated from the cox1 sequences. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support (1,000 replicates; only values> 50% shown) for Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood, respectively. The scale-bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Fig. 1 in Morphological and Molecular Identification of Isospora sepetibensis (Chromista: Miozoa: Eimeriidae) from a New Host, Trichothraupis melanops (Passeriformes: Thraupidae: Tachyphoninae) in South America
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of sporulated oocysts of Isospora sepetibensis, a coccidium species recovered from the black-goggled tanager Trichothraupis melanops. Note the inner (il) and outer (ol) layer of the oocyst wall, nucleus (n), polar granule (pg), Stieda body (sb), sub- Stieda body (ssb), sporocyst residuum (sr), striations (str) and the refractile body (rb). Sheather's sugar solution. Scale-bar: 10 µm.
Data for: Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions
<p>Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5°C and 13°C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation—parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.</p>
Host-pathogen interactions under pressure: a review and meta-analysis of stress-mediated effects on disease dynamics
<p>Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host-pathogen interactions, and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, predicting the directionality of outcomes has proven challenging. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis to determine the primary mechanisms through which stressors affect host-pathogen interactions and to evaluate the impacts stress has on host fitness (survival and fecundity) and pathogen infectivity (prevalence and intensity). We assessed 891 effect sizes from 71 host species (representing seven taxonomic groups) and 78 parasite taxa from 98 studies. We found that infected and uninfected hosts had similar sensitivity to stressors and that responses varied according to stressor type. Specifically, limited resources compromised host fecundity and decreased pathogen intensity, while abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., temperature and salinity) decreased host survivorship and increased pathogen intensity, and pollution increased mortality but decreased pathogen prevalence. We then used our meta-analysis results to develop Susceptible-Infected theoretical models to illustrate scenarios where infection rates are expected to increase or decrease in response to resource limitation or environmental stress gradients. Our results carry implications for conservation and disease emergence and reveal areas for future work. </p>
Effects of genotype and host environment on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Lysiphlebus parasitoids and aggression by aphid-tending ants
Parasitoids in the genus Lysiphlebus specialize on ant-tended aphids and have previously been reported to mimic the CHC profiles of their aphid hosts to avoid detection by ants. However, the precise mechanisms that mediate reduced ant aggression toward Lysiphlebus spp. are not known, nor is it clear whether such mechanisms are broadly effective or specialized to particular aphid hosts. Here we explore the effects of wasp genotype and host environment on Lysiphlebus cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles and ant aggression. Rearing asexual Lysiphlebus lines in different host aphid environments revealed effects of both wasp line and aphid host on wasp CHCs. However, variation in genotype and host affected different features of the CHC profile, with wasp genotype explaining most variation in linear and long-chain methyl alkanes, while aphid host environment primarily influenced short-chain methyl alkanes. Subsequent behavioral experiments revealed no effects of host environment on ant aggression, but stronger evidence for genotypic effects. The presence of genotypic variation in experienced ant aggression and relevant chemical traits is particularly relevant in light of recent evidence for genetic divergence among Lysiphlebus parasitoids collected from different aphid hosts.
Fig. 12 in The Australian issid planthopper genus Orinda Kirkaldy, 1907: New subgenera, new species, host plant and identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae)
Fig. 12. Habitat of Orinda (Scapulorinda) scapularis (Jacobi, 1928), Lake Eacham car park, 6 May 2022.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.