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Figure 7 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 7. Parameres of Podischnus Burmeister species in ventral view. (A) P. agenor (Olivier). (B) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (D) P. limeirai sp. nov. (E) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Red arrow indicates outer margins visible in (D). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 6 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 6. Parameres of Podischnus Burmeister species in dorsal view. (A) P. agenor (Olivier). (B) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (D) P. limeirai sp. nov. (E) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 4 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 4. (A-B) Podischnus Burmeister species, left anterior pronotal corner of males, dorsal; (C-D) prosternal process of males, ventral. (A, C) P. sexdentatus (Olivier). (B, D) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Red arrows indicate: anterior corner rounded in (A), acute in (B); prosternal process long in (C), short in (D). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 2 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 2. Podischnus Burmeister species (male), habitus lateral: (A) P. agenor (Olivier). (B) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (D) P. limeirai sp. nov. (E) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 5 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 5. Tergite VII, detail of the stridulatory apparatus of males in Podischnus Burmeister species, dorsal. (A) P. agenor (Olivier). (B) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (D) P. limeirai sp. nov. (E) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 3 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 3. (A-B) Clypeal apex of males, dorsal; (C-D) metafemora of males in ventral view. (A, C) Podischnus sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (B, D) P. limeirai sp. nov. Red arrows indicating clypeal border present (A), absent (B); row of setae absent (C), present (D). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 1 in Contribution to the knowledge of Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) with the description of two new species from Brazilian
Figure 1. Podischnus Burmeister species (male), habitus dorsal: (A) P. agenor (Olivier). (B) P. sexdentatus (Taschenberg). (C) P. oberthuri Sternberg. (D) P. limeirai sp. nov. (E) P. cleidecostae sp. nov. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 3 in Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry
Figure 3. (I) Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus attacking a Great egret Ardea alba in the Ubatuba lagoon; (II) C. cirrocephalus nesting; (III) First C. cirrocephalus nest with an egg inside and other fallen nearby (highlighted by the yellow circle) after predation attempt by Ardea alba; (IV) Second nest with two eggs in the Ubatuba lagoon, at Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Quissamã, on the northern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state.
Figure 2 in Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry
Figure 2. (I) Juvenile of Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) in Visgueiro lagoon, on December 5th, 2019. (II) Adults with breeding plumage on April 14th, 2019. Both images from Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, in Quissamã, on the northern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state.
Figure 1 in Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry
Figure 1. Breeding records of the Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) in Brazil. Nests (circles), breeding pairs (triangle), fledging chicks (square).
Data from: Species-specific variation in germination rates contributes to spatial coexistence more than adult plant water use in four closely-related annual flowering plants
1. Spatial partitioning is a classic hypothesis to explain plant species coexistence, but evidence linking local environmental variation to spatial sorting, demography, and species' traits is sparse. If co-occurring species' performance is optimized differently along environmental gradients because of trait variation, then spatial variation might facilitate coexistence. 2. We used a system of four naturally co-occurring species of Clarkia (Onagraceae) to ask if distribution patchiness corresponds to variation in two environmental variables that contribute to hydrological variation. We then reciprocally sowed Clarkia into each patch type and measured demographic rates in the absence of congeneric competition. Species sorted in patches along one or both gradients, and in three of the four species, germination rate in the "home" patch was higher than all other patches. 3. Spatially variable germination resulted in the same three species exhibiting the highest population growth rates in their home patches. 4. Species' trait values related to plant water use, as well as indicators of water stress in home patches, differed among species and corresponded to home patch attributes. However, post-germination survival did not vary among species or between patch types, and fecundity did not vary spatially. 5. Synthesis Our research demonstrates the likelihood that within-community spatial heterogeneity affects plant species coexistence, and presents novel evidence that differential performance in space is explained by what happens in the germination stage. Despite the seemingly obvious link between adult plant water-use and variation in the environment, our results distinguish the germination stage as important for spatially variable population performance.
Data from: Maize-field complexity and farming system influence insectivorous birds' contribution to arthropod herbivore regulation
The contribution of insectivorous birds to reducing crop damage through suppression of herbivory remains underappreciated, despite their role as cropland arthropod predators. We examined the roles of farming system crop cover pattern and structural configuration in influencing assemblage composition of insectivorous birds and their herbivorous arthropod prey across maize fields, and determined how bird exclusion affects crop herbivory levels. To achieve these objectives, data were collected across a sample of organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize farms in western Kenya. Assessments of abundance, diversity and richness of insectivorous birds, and abundance of their arthropod prey, were compared between organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize on monocultured and intercropped farms. We also employed bird exclusion experiments to assess impacts of bird predation on herbivorous arthropod abundance. Results showed that higher structural heterogeneity supported higher insectivorous bird richness, particularly under organic systems, dense trees, large woodlots and thick hedgerows. Bird abundance further increased with crop diversity but not in relation to cropping method, hedgerow type or percent maize cover per se. Conversely, herbivorous arthropod abundance and richness increased on conventional farms and those with higher percent maize cover, but were unaffected by cropping methods, tree or hedgerow characteristics. Birds' arthropod prey were more abundant under completely closed compared to open or semi-closed plots, confirming a significant linkage between birds and herbivorous arthropod suppression. In this study, we demonstrate importance of structural heterogeneity in agricultural landscapes, including diverse croplands and on-farm trees to maximize insectivorous birds' contribution to reducing crop arthropod herbivory.
Data from: Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa is renowned for its botanical diversity, but the evolutionary origins of this diversity remain controversial. Both neutral and adaptive processes have been implicated in driving diversification, but population-level studies of plants in the CFR are rare. Here, we investigate the limits to gene flow and potential environmental drivers of selection in Protea repens L. (Proteaceae L.), a widespread CFR species. METHODS: We sampled 19 populations across the range of P. repens and used genotyping by sequencing to identify 2066 polymorphic loci in 663 individuals. We used a Bayesian FST outlier analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marking genomic regions that may be under selection; we used those SNPs to identify potential drivers of selection and excluded them from analyses of gene flow and genetic structure. RESULTS: A pattern of isolation by distance suggested limited gene flow between nearby populations. The populations of P. repens fell naturally into two or three groupings, which corresponded to an east-west split. Differences in rainfall seasonality contributed to diversification in highly divergent loci, as do barriers to gene flow that have been identified in other species. CONCLUSIONS: The strong pattern of isolation by distance is in contrast to the findings in the only other widespread species in the CFR that has been similarly studied, while the effects of rainfall seasonality are consistent with well-known patterns. Assessing the generality of these results will require investigations of other CFR species.
Data from: Plant-soil feedback contributes to predicting plant invasiveness of 68 alien plant species differing in invasive status
<p>Understanding what species characteristics allow some alien plants to become invasive while others fail is critical to our understanding of community assembly processes. While many characteristics have been shown to predict plant invasiveness, the importance of plant-soil feedback (PSF) in invasions has been difficult to assess since individual studies include only a few species and use disparate methodology. We studied PSF of 68 invasive and non-invasive alien species in a single two-phase common garden experiment, and compared the relative importance of PSF, residence time, phylogenetic novelty and plant traits for plant invasiveness. Additionally, we explored relationships between PSF, residence time and phylogenetic novelty. PSF for seedling establishment, but not for biomass, was a significant predictor of invasive status, with invasive species having more positive PSF than non-invasive species. Its explanatory power was, however, much lower than that of specific leaf area, height, and residence time. Phylogenetically novel species experienced less negative PSF than species with native congeners, suggesting they benefit more from enemy release. PSF of non-invasive species, contrary to that of invasive species, was becoming more negative with increasing residence time. We demonstrated that PSF for seedling establishment plays a role in predicting plant invasiveness and is a better predictor than more commonly studied PSF for plant biomass. Other species traits, such as specific leaf area, however, predict plant invasiveness much better than the PSF.</p>
Data from: Ecology can inform genetics: disassortative mating contributes to MHC polymorphism in Leach's storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa)
Studies of MHC-based mate choice in wild populations generally test hypotheses by assuming female choice and male-male competition, whether or not mate choice dynamics have been previously determined for the species under study. Here we examined mate choice patterns in a small burrow-nesting seabird, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), using the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The life history and ecology of this species is extreme: both partners work together to fledge a single chick during the breeding season, a task that requires regularly traveling hundreds of kilometers to and from foraging grounds over a six to eight-week provisioning period. Using a five-year dataset unprecedented for this species (n=1027 adults and 925 chicks), we found a positive relationship between variation in female reproductive quality and heterozygosity at Ocle-DAB2, a MHC class IIB locus. Contrary to previous reports rejecting disassortative mating as a mechanism for maintaining genetic polymorphism in this species, here we show that males make significant disassortative mate choice decisions. Variability in female reproductive success suggests that the most common homozygous females (Ocle-DAB201 / Ocle-DAB201) may be physiologically disadvantaged and, therefore, less preferred as lifelong partners for choosy males. The results from this study support the role of mate choice in maintaining high levels of MHC variability in a wild seabird species, and highlights the need to incorporate a broader ecological framework and sufficient sample sizes into studies of MHC-based mating patterns in wild populations in general.
The contribution of semi-natural habitats to biological control is dependent on sentinel prey type
<ol> <li>It is widely recognized that landscape factors affect the biological control of weed seeds and insect pests in arable crops, but landscape effects have been found to be inconsistent between studies.</li> <li>Here, we compare six different types of sentinels (s<span>urrogate prey that was either live insects or seeds) to measure the effects of semi-natural habitats at field to landscape scales on levels of biological control in winter wheat in the UK. Sentinels were located in fields adjacent to three boundary types: grassy margin, hedgerows or woodland to study local scale effects and in landscapes of varying heterogeneity in study areas of 1 km radius. </span> </li> <li> <span>Overall mean levels of predation were higher for most insect prey (60.8%) located on the ground compared to the crop (12.2%) and was lower for seeds (5.8%). Predation of sentinels on the ground was attributed to generalist predators. <a name="_Hlk24705886">Semi-natural habitats had both positive and negative effects at field and landscape scales, but the response varied with the sentinel type.</a><a name="_Hlk12869057"> Herbaceous linear semi-natural habitats had positive effects at local scales for <i>Calliphora vomitoria </i>and <i>Sitobion avenae </i>sentinels and provides </a></span><span>evidence that farmers can introduce linear herbaceous features to benefit biological control. In contrast o</span><span>ur distance weighted kernel models identified a positive relationship between woody habitats and the predation of <i>Caliphora vomitoria </i>and<i> Chenopodium album</i>. Natural aphid infestations were lower in landscapes with more semi-natural habitat. </span> </li> <li> <i><span>Synthesis and applications. </span></i><span>Sentinels may be sensitive enough to detect variation in levels of biological control influenced by semi-natural habitats, but this study confirms that landscape effects differ for different types of sentinel prey. This implies that it may not be possible to categorize landscapes as pest suppressive using a single sentinel type. Future studies should therefore consider </span>using multiple sentinels to give a better perspective on predation intensity. The resulting recommendations for farm management include <span>planting woodland adjacent wheat fields infested with seed predators and positioning herbaceous linear habitats adjacent wheat fields infested with <i>Sitobion Avenae</i>, particularly if fields are bordered by woody liner habitats due to their association with decreased <i>Sitobion Avenae </i>predation.</span> </li> </ol>
Data from: Ancient polymorphisms contribute to genome-wide variation by long-term balancing selection and divergent sorting in Boechera stricta
Background: Genomic variation is widespread, and both neutral and selective processes can generate similar patterns in the genome. These processes are not mutually exclusive, so it is difficult to infer the evolutionary mechanisms that govern population and species divergence. Boechera stricta,is a perennial relative of Arabidopsis thaliana native to largely undisturbed habitats with two geographic and ecologically divergence subspecies. Here we delineate the evolutionary processes driving genetic diversity and population differentiation in this species. Results: Using whole genome re-sequencing data from 517 Boechera stricta accessions, we identify four genetic groups that diverged around 30 - 180 thousand years ago, with long-term small effective population sizes and recent population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum. We find three genomic regions with elevated nucleotide diversity, totaling about 10% of the genome. These three regions of elevated nucleotide diversity show excess of intermediate-frequency alleles, higher absolute divergence (dXY) and lower relative divergence (FST) than genomic background, and significant enrichment in immune-related genes, reflecting long-term balancing selection. Scattered across the genome we also find regions with both high FST and DXY among groups, termed FST-islands. Population genetic signatures indicate that FST-islands with elevated divergence, which have experienced directional selection, are derived from divergent sorting of ancient polymorphisms. Conclusions: Our results suggest that long-term balancing selection on disease resistance genes may have maintained ancestral haplotypes across different geographical lineages, and unequal sorting of balanced polymorphisms may have generated genomic regions with elevated divergence. This study highlights the importance of ancestral balanced polymorphisms as crucial components of genome-wide variation.
Data from: Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes of Mimulus aurantiacus
Many forms of reproductive isolation contribute to speciation, and early acting barriers may be especially important, because they have the first opportunity to limit gene flow. Ecogeographic isolation occurs when intrinsic traits of taxa contribute to disjunct geographic distributions, reducing the frequency of inter‐taxon mating. Characterizing this form of isolation requires knowledge of both the geographic arrangement of suitable habitats in nature and the identification of phenotypes involved in shaping geographic distributions. In Mimulus aurantiacus, red‐ and yellow‐flowered ecotypes are incompletely isolated by divergent selection exerted by different pollinators. However, these emerging taxa are largely isolated spatially, with a hybrid zone occurring along a narrow region of contact. In order to assess whether responses to abiotic conditions contribute to the parapatric distribution of ecotypes, we measured a series of ecophysiological traits from populations along a transect, including drought sensitivity, leaf area, and the concentrations of vegetative flavonoids. In contrast to the abrupt transitions in floral phenotypes, we found that ecophysiological traits exhibited a continuous geographic transition that largely mirrors variation in climatological variables. These traits may impede gene flow across a continuous environmental gradient, but they would be unlikely to result in ecotypic divergence alone. Nevertheless, we found a genetic correlation between vegetative and floral traits, providing a potential link between the two forms of isolation. Although neither barrier appears sufficient to cause divergence on its own, the combined impacts of local adaptation to abiotic conditions and regional adaptation to pollinators may interact to drive discontinuous variation in the face of gene flow in this system.
Figures 1 in Contribution to the knowledge of Atrichobrunettia Satchel, 1953 (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Brazil
Figures 1. (A-H) Atrichobrunettia longipalpis Araújo & Bravo, sp. nov. (A) Head. (B) Last four flagellomeres. (C) First flagellomere with ascoid. (D) Wing. (E) Cercus, dorsal view. (F) Epandrium and cerci, ventral view. (G) Hypandrium, gonocoxites, gonostyli, parameres, aedeagus and ejaculatory apodeme, dorsal view. (H) Male terminalia, lateral view: Epandrium, cerci, hypandrium, gonocoxites, gonostyli, parameres, aedeagus and ejaculatory apodeme.
Figures 2 in Contribution to the knowledge of Atrichobrunettia Satchel, 1953 (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Brazil
Figures 2. (A-C) Atrichobrunettia paranaensis Bravo, 2006. (A) Head. Male terminalia: (B) Epandrium, cerci, hypandrium, gonocoxites, gonostyli, parameres, aedeagus and ejaculatory apodeme, lateral view. (C) Epandrium and cerci, ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.