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FIGURE 11 in New and interesting aerial diatom assemblages from southwestern Iceland
FIGURE 11. Light microscopy images of aerial diatom assemblages from southwestern Iceland. A. Pinnularia cf. subcommutata; B. Pinnularia stomatophora; C. Pinnularia sp. 2; D. Pinnularia sp. 1; E. Pinnularia borealis; F. Pinnularia borealis f. subcapitata; G. Pinnularia borealis var. islandica girdle view; H. Pinnularia borealis var. lanceolata; I–J. Pinnularia intermedia; K–M. Pinnularia parva; N–O. Pinnularia minoricapitata; P. Muellaria gibulla; Q. Achnanthes coarctata; R. Caloneis schumanniana; S–T. Caloneis silicula; U–W. Caloneis tenuis; X–a. Stauroneis cf. borrichii. LM scale bar = 10 μm.
FIGURE 6 in New and interesting aerial diatom assemblages from southwestern Iceland
FIGURE 6. Light (A–E) and SEM (F–J) microscopy images of aerial, diatom population of Eunotia curtagrunowii from southwestern Iceland. A–C. valve view size diminution series and D–E. girdle view with different focuses, F. internal view showing helictoglossa and internal opening of areolae with a close up of the apex of the same valve in I. to show the internal expression of the rimoportula (arrow), G. close up of valve apex with external opening to the rimoportula (arrow), H. external view, showing arrangement of striae and raphe ends on the valve face, note the markings along the ventral edge of the valve face, J. tilted girdle view showing cingulum. LM scale bar = 10 μm, SEM scale bars as shown.
FIG. 6. Stream temperatures from one East Fork site and two West Fork sites measured 15 January 2020 through 15 February 2020 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 6. Stream temperatures from one East Fork site and two West Fork sites measured 15 January 2020 through 15 February 2020. East Fork site temperature is represented by a solid gray line, and temperatures from West Fork sites are represented by a black dotted line for the WWTP "outfall" and a black dashed line for the further downstream site.
FIG. 3 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 3. nMDS based on Bray-Curtis similarity, depicting fish assemblage relationships among all study sites (West Fork: black triangles represent individual sites and the dark shaded hull encompasses sites; East Fork: gray circles represent individual sites and the light shaded hull encompasses sites). Upper panel depicts relationships among all 26 summer samples; lower panel depicts relationships among all summer samples and the four sites revisited during the following winter. Sites revisited are labeled ending with "w."
FIG. 2 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 2. Rarefied species richness within both the East and West Forks. Solid lines represent interpolation of species accumulation and dashed lines represent extrapolation of species richness if additional individuals were to be captured (gray ¼ East Fork; black ¼ West Fork). The black triangle represents observed species richness in the West Fork, and the gray circle represents observed richness in the East Fork. 95% confidence intervals are depicted for both accumulation curves.
FIG. 5 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 5. Principal component analyses illustrating abiotic relationships among sites in both the East and West Forks. Upper panel depicts the abbreviated dataset (i.e., only includes the 13 sites where all abiotic variables were collected). Measures of depth and % gravel best explained variation represented by PC1 (i.e., values increase towards the positive), and discharge and % pebble explained variation represented by PC2. Lower panel depicts substrate relationships among all 26 sites. PC1 explains variation in % gravel and % cobble among sites, whereas PC2 explains variation in % pebble and further % gravel variation among sites. For both panels, West Fork sites are represented by black triangles and are encompassed by the dark shaded hulls and East Fork sites are represented by gray circles and are encompassed by the lighter shaded hulls.
FIG. 1. Map depicting the 26 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 1. Map depicting the 26 sites sampled in the East (n ¼ 10, gray circles) and West (n ¼ 16, black circles) Forks of the Niangua River during the study. The three circles with X's represent the sites where temperature loggers were deployed, and the WWTP outfall is located immediately south of W1 (right). Map inset (upper left) depicts the location of Missouri in the U.S., and inset (lower left) shows the location of the upper Niangua River drainage in Missouri.
FIG. 4 in Impacts of Wastewater Effluent on Temperate Stream Fish Assemblage Structure
FIG. 4. Relationships between abundance of C. bairdii (per site) and upstream site distances (km) from the lower confluence (with the Niangua River proper). West Fork sites are depicted with black triangles, and East Fork sites are depicted as gray circles. Linear trend lines show relationships in each fork and further illustrate findings from ANCOVA.
Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve Neelum Valley, Pakistan
<p>Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of <br>Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve <br>Neelum Valley, Pakistan </p>
Figure 3 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 3: Rank abundance curves of bats captured in wood-pastures (A) and riparian vegetation (B) in Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Numbers indicate species, 1: Artibeus jamaicensis, 2: Sturnira parvidens, 3: A. lituratus, 4: S. hondurensis, 5: Glossophaga soricina, 6: G. commissarissi, 7: Rhogeesa tumida, 8: Desmodus rotundus, 9: Phyllostomus discolor, 10: Eptesicus furinalis, 11: Carollia sowelli, 12: A. phaeotis, 13: Uroderma bilobatum, 14: Molossus rufus, 15: C. perspicillata, 16: Chiroderma salvini, 17: A. watsoni, 18: C. villosum, 19: Pteronotus parnelli, 20: Platyrrhinus helleri, 21: Micronycteris microtis, 22: A. toltecus, 23: Centurio senex, 24: P. davyi, 25: Mormoops megallophylla, 26: Eumops bonariensis, 27: Promops centralis, 28: Myotis californicus, 29: M. keaysi.
Figure 2 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 2: Species accumulation curves for wood-pastures and riparian vegetation in the locality of Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Hill's numbers (effective numbers of species) are in brackets. According to non-overlapping confidence intervals only q1 ("typical" species) and q2 (dominant species) were significantly higher in riparian vegetation compared to pastures.
Data from: The use of MSR (Minimum Sample Richness) for sample assemblage comparisons
Minimum Sample Richness (MSR) is defined as the smallest number of taxa that must be recorded in a sample to achieve a given level of inter-assemblage classification accuracy. MSR is calculated from known or estimated richness and taxonomic similarity. Here we test MSR for strengths and weaknesses by using 167 published mammalian local faunas from the Paleogene and early Neogene of the Query and Liane area (Massif Central, southwestern France), and then apply MSR to 84 Oligo-Miocene faunas from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia. In many cases, MSR is able to detect the assemblages in the data set that are potentially too incomplete to be used in a similarity-based comparative taxonomic analysis. The results show that the use of MSR significantly improves the quality of the clustering of fossil assemblages. We conclude that this method can screen sample assemblages that are not representative of their underlying original living communities. Ultimately, it can be used to identify which assemblages require further sampling before being included in a comparative analysis.
Data from: Realised niche changes in a native herbivore assemblage associated with the presence of livestock
Habitat partitioning is a common ecological mechanism to avoid competition among coexisting species, and the introduction of new species into existing assemblages can increase competitive pressures. However, situations of species in allopatry and sympatry only differing in species presence but not in environmental conditions are scarce. Thus, discerning whether niche segregation arises from competition or from different habitat preferences is usually unfeasible. Here, we analyse species' habitat niches in an assemblage of native and introduced herbivores in southern Patagonia. We test if niche overlap is higher between native and domestic herbivores than among natives as expected from the relatively short time of coexistence, and we evaluate the effect of intra- and interspecific competition on niche breadth. We use a probabilistic multidimensional approach and null models to evaluate overlap and changes in niche dimensions. Overlap among native species is low as expected for species coexisting in evolutionary time. In native-domestic species pairs, niche overlap was higher than among natives, although showing some niche segregation indicating niche differentiation in ecological time. Moreover, the presence of domestic species was associated with niche narrowing of both native and introduced species, revealing interspecific density-dependent effects on their habitat niche during resource shortage periods.
Data from: Taxonomic and functional composition of arthropod assemblages across contrasting Amazonian forests
Arthropods represent most of global biodiversity, with the highest diversity found in tropical rainforests. Nevertheless, we have a very incomplete understanding of how tropical arthropod communities are assembled. We conducted a comprehensive mass-sampling of arthropod communities within three major habitat types of lowland Amazonian rainforest, including terra firme clay, white-sand, and seasonally-flooded forests in Peru and French Guiana. We examined how taxonomic and functional composition (at the family level) differed across these habitat types in the two regions. The overall arthropod community composition exhibited strong turnover among habitats and between regions. In particular, seasonally-flooded forest habitats of both regions comprised unique assemblages. Overall, 17.7% (26 of 147) of arthropod families showed significant preferences for a particular habitat type. We present a first reproducible arthropod functional classification among the 147 taxa based on similarity among 21 functional traits describing feeding source, major mouthparts and microhabitats inhabited by each taxon. We identified seven distinct functional groups whose relative abundance contrasted strongly across the three habitats, with sap and leaf feeders showing higher abundances in terra firme clay forest. Our novel arthropod functional classification provides an important complement to link these contrasting patterns of composition to differences in forest functioning across geographic and environmental gradients. This study underlines that both environment and biogeographical processes are responsible for driving arthropod taxonomic composition while environmental filtering is the main driver of the variance in functional composition.
Data from: Carcass predictability but not domestic pet introduction affects functional response of scavenger assemblage in urbanised habitats
<ol> <li><span>Urbanisation alters species richness and composition, but studies of urbanisation effects on ecological functions have often quantified variation in functional traits and changes in functional diversity rather than measuring directly how ecological functions vary between rural and urban assemblages. </span></li> <li><span>Consuming dead animal matter and recycling its nutrients stabilizes and structures food webs and therefore represents a key component of ecosystem functioning. Introduction of free-ranging domestic pet animals adds additional scavenger species to urban habitats, and increased predictability of carcass resources produced by human activities characterizes urban habitats. </span></li> <li><span>Here, we investigate the effect of urbanisation on the composition of diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages and on the ecological function of carcass removal by using a carcass placement experiment in Swiss urban and adjacent rural habitats. </span></li> <li><span>While diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages changed considerably from rural to urban areas by comprising particularly more domestic cats in the latter, carrion consumption rate did not differ between the two habitats. Predictability of carcass occurrence increased carrion consumption rate in both, urban and rural habitats but mainly native scavengers and not introduced domestic pets responded to the repeated placements.</span></li> <li><span>These results suggest that urbanisation shapes scavenger assemblage compositions without affecting their ecological function. The mechanism is likely due to a behavioural change of native scavengers in response to the occurrence of domestic pets resulting in functional plasticity of urban scavenger assemblages. The functional plasticity might be facilitated by the increased carcass predictability and additional anthropogenic food resources in urban habitats exploited by nutritionally flexible native scavenger species.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
Data from: Forest plant community as a driver of soil biodiversity: experimental evidence from collembolan assemblages through large-scale and long-term removal of oak canopy trees Quercus petraea
Plant–soil interactions are increasingly recognized to play a major role in terrestrial ecosystems functioning. However, few studies to date have focused on slow dynamic ecosystems such as forests. As they are vertically stratified by multiple vegetation strata, canopy tree removal by thinning operations could alter forest plant community through tree canopy opening. Very little is known about cascading effects on soil biodiversity. We conducted a large-scale, multi-site assessment of collembolan assemblage response to long-term canopy tree removal in sessile oak Quercus petraea temperate forests. A total of 33 experimental plots were studied covering a large gradient of canopy tree basal area, stand age and local abiotic contexts. Collembolan abundance strongly declined with canopy tree removal in early forest successional stage and this was mediated by negative effect of understory plant community composition changes, i.e. shift from moss and forb to tree seedling, fern, shrub and grass species. Negative effect of this composition shift on collembolan species richness was largely offset by positive effect of the increase in understory plant species richness. This gives support to both the plant mass-ratio and functional diversity hypotheses. Collembolan functional groups had contrasting response patterns, which were mediated by different ecological factors. Epedaphic (r-strategist) abundance and species richness increased with canopy tree removal in relation with the increase in understory plant species richness. In contrast, euedaphic (K-strategist) abundance and species richness declined with canopy tree removal in early forest successional stage in relation with changes in understory plant community composition and species richness, as well as microclimatic conditions. Overall, our study provides experimental evidence that forest plant community can be a strong driver of collembolan assemblages. It also emphasizes the role of trees as foundation species of forest ecosystems that can shape soil biodiversity through their regulation of understory plant community and ecosystem abiotic conditions.
Data from: Subtle changes in elevation shift bat-assemblage structure in Central Amazonia
The distribution patterns of animal species at local scales have been explained by direct influences of vegetation structure, topography, food distribution and availability. However, these variables can also interact and operate indirectly on the distribution of species. Here, we examined the direct and indirect effects of food availability (fruits and insects), vegetation clutter and elevation in structuring phyllostomid-bat assemblages in a continuous terra firme forest in Central Amazonia. Bats were captured in 49 plots over 25-km² of continuous forest. We captured 1138 bats belonging to 52 species with 7056 nethours of effort. Terrain elevation was the strongest predictor of species and guild compositions, and of bat abundance. However, changes in elevation were associated with changes in vegetation clutter, and availability of fruits and insects consumed by bats, which are likely to have had direct effects on bat assemblages. Frugivorous-bat composition was more influenced by availability of food-providing plants, while gleaning-animalivore composition was more influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. Although probably not causal, terrain elevation may be a reliable predictor of bat-assemblage structure at local scales in other regions. In situations where it is not possible to collect local variables, terrain elevation can substitute other variables, such as vegetation structure, and availability of fruits and insects.
Figure 2 in Species assemblage and distribution of turtle barnacles (Cirripedia: Coronuloidea) on foraging green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Persian Gulf
Figure 2. Distribution of Chelonibia testudinaria and Platylepas hexastylos on the carapace (a) and plastron (b) of foraging green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in southern Qeshm Island (eastern Persian Gulf). letters on the scutes of the top-left picture show: c) central scutes; l) lateral scutes; n) nuchal scute; s) supracaudal scutes; m) marginal scutes (all unmarked scutes between nuchal and supracaudals are marginal scutes). Letters on the scutes of the below-right picture show: i) intergular scute; g) gular scute; h) humeral scute; p) pectoral scute; ab) abdominal scute; f) femoral scute; a) anal scute; in) inframarginal scutes.
Figure 1 in Species assemblage and distribution of turtle barnacles (Cirripedia: Coronuloidea) on foraging green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Persian Gulf
Figure 1. Sampling site of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) on the southern coast of Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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