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Figure 8 in On the systematic position of the horseshoe bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Lesotho
Figure 8: General view of the type locality of Rhinolophus cervenyi sp. n.: upper parts of the Sehlabathebe National Park, Lesotho (photo by J. Červený).
Figure 3 in On the systematic position of the horseshoe bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Lesotho
Figure 3: Bivariate plot of skull dimensions of the examined samples of the Lesotho bats and comparative taxa: relative length of rostrum (CM3/LCc) against relative width of skull (LaZ/LCc); for explanations see Figure 1.
Figure 1 in Filling the gap of distribution of the pale-winged dog-like bat Peropteryx pallidoptera (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) in Brazil and Peru
Figure 1: Distribution of Peropteryx pallidoptera in South America. Locality numbers are listed in Table 1. Black circles represent previously known records (Castro et al. 2012; Díaz 2011; Guerra and Albuja 2012; Lim et al. 2010; McDonough et al. 2010; Medina et al. 2015; Morales-Martínez 2013; Siles et al. 2021; Suarez-Castro et al. 2012), red circles represent new records. The open-source GIS software, QGIS v.3.16.5, was used to generate the map. http://qgis. osgeo.org (QGIS Development Team 2019).
Figure 11 in On the systematic position of the horseshoe bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Lesotho
Figure 11: Skull in lateral view (top) and in dorsal view (below) of Rhinolophus cervenyi sp. n. (top – NMP 97760, holotype; below – NMP 97758, paratype). Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from two priority areas for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Amazon and range extension for Carollia benkeithi (Phyllostomidae)
Figure 5: Skull of Micronycteris sp. (MPEG 37789, female). (A) Lateral view of the skull shows the developed maxillary premolars; (B) dorsal skull view; (C) maxillary external incisors visible to the naked eye (arrow); and (D) lateral views of mandible. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 2: Species accumulation curves for wood-pastures and riparian vegetation in the locality of Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Hill's numbers (effective numbers of species) are in brackets. According to non-overlapping confidence intervals only q1 ("typical" species) and q2 (dominant species) were significantly higher in riparian vegetation compared to pastures.
Figure 3 in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from two priority areas for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Amazon and range extension for Carollia benkeithi (Phyllostomidae)
Figure 3: Skull of Carollia benkeithi (MPEG 37664, female). Skull shown in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views; (C) left lateral view of the skull, the arrow indicates the cingulum of the last maxillary premolar; and (D) left lateral mandible, the arrow indicates the pm2 greater than the m1. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from two priority areas for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Amazon and range extension for Carollia benkeithi (Phyllostomidae)
Figure 2: Geographic distribution of Carollia benkeithi (sensu McLellan and Koopman 2007) and new records (yellow stars), extending it ca. 590 km northwestward. Black dots are records recently published for eastern Pará state, Brazil (Lemos et al. 2020).
Figure 1 in Review of ocular alterations in bats in America and notes on a new case for Saccopteryx bilineata (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae)
Figure 1: Saccopterys bilineata with ocular trauma found in natural refuge of the department of Córdoba, Colombia, 2019. (Bottom left) face and eye detail. Photo © M. Parejo.
Figure 1 in New distribution and breeding record of Wroughton's free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Meghalaya, India
Figure 1: A small colony (80) of Otomops wroughtoni at the newly discovered roost at Mikadogre village in the South Garo Hills District of Meghalaya, India.
Figure 1 in Placentophagia and birth-associated behaviours of the fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 1: Placentophagia and birth-associated behaviours of the fulvous fruit bat. (A) Female eating the placenta after giving birth; (B) care giving by the male.
Figure 3 in New distribution and breeding record of Wroughton's free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Meghalaya, India
Figure 3: The mating of Otomops wroughtoni observed in the cave at Pynurkba village in East Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, India.
Figure 2 in New distribution and breeding record of Wroughton's free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Meghalaya, India
Figure 2: The roost locations of Otomops wroughtoni in Meghalaya (4 known, 1 new) and Karnataka (1 known), India.
Table ¹: Consolidated list of known roost locations of Otomops wroughtoni. in New distribution and breeding record of Wroughton's free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Meghalaya, India
<p><b>Table ¹:</b> Consolidated list of known roost locations of <i>Otomops wroughtoni.</i></p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Sl. no.</b></th><th><b>Location name</b></th><th><b>District</b></th><th><b>Country</b></th><th><b>Coordinates</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>Pynurkba</td><td>Jaintia Hills</td><td>India</td><td>25°15′ N, 92°17′ E</td><td>Ruedi et al. (2014), present study</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>Umlatdoh</td><td>Jaintia Hills</td><td>India</td><td>25°12′ N, 92°16′ E</td><td>Ruedi et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>Thangsah</td><td>Jaintia Hills</td><td>India</td><td>25°11′ N, 92°12′ E</td><td>Ruedi et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>Shella confederacy</td><td>East Khasi Hills</td><td>India</td><td>25°11′ N, 91°37′E</td><td>Thabah and Bates (2002)</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>Mikadogre</td><td>South Garo Hills</td><td>India</td><td>25°23′ N, 90°18′ E</td><td>Present study</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary</td><td>Belgaum</td><td>India</td><td>15°33′ N, 74°19′ E</td><td>Bates and Harrison (1997)</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>Chhep District</td><td>Chhep District</td><td>Cambodia</td><td>13°45′ N, 105°23′ E</td><td>Walston and Bates (2001)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table ̚: Diagnostic morphological characteristics of the Hipposideros armiger captured in cave of the Sadar Upazila subdistrict (Bandarban district, Bangladesh) and closely related species of the genus Hipposideros in South Asia according to Srinivasulu et al. (2010). in First record of Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros armiger (Hipposideridae) from Bangladesh
<p><b>Table ̚:</b> Diagnostic morphological characteristics of the <i>Hipposideros armiger</i> captured in cave of the Sadar Upazila subdistrict (Bandarban district, Bangladesh) and closely related species of the genus <i>Hipposideros</i> in South Asia according to Srinivasulu et al. (2010).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>External characters</b></th><th><b>This study</b></th><th><i>H. armiger</i></th><th><i>H. speoris</i></th><th><i>H. larvatus</i></th><th><i>H. lankadiva</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>(mm)</b></th><td></td><td><b>(Hodgson, ̚s̒ƽ)</b></td><td><b>(Schneider, ̚see)</b></td><td><b>(Horsfield, ̚sz̒)</b></td><td><b>(Kellart, ̚sƽe)</b></td></tr><tr><th>Forearm length</th><td>90.1</td><td>85.4–95.0</td><td>45.6–54.0</td><td>61.2–64.8</td><td>75.0–99.0</td></tr><tr><th>Head body length</th><td>98.3</td><td>82.0–105.0</td><td>46.0–62.0</td><td>74.0–78.0</td><td>87.0–106.0</td></tr><tr><th>Tail length</th><td>49.9</td><td>50.0–64.0</td><td>20.0–29.0</td><td>37.0–44.0</td><td>35.0–58.0</td></tr><tr><th>Ear length</th><td>26.6</td><td>26.0–34.0</td><td>12.5–19.0</td><td>23.0–26.0</td><td>19.5–30.0</td></tr><tr><th>No. of supplementary</th><td>4 (4th much</td><td>4 (4th much reduced)</td><td>3 (3rd much reduced)</td><td>4 (4th much reduced)</td><td>4 (4th sometimes</td></tr><tr><th>leaflets</th><td>reduced)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>absent)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Figure 2 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 2: Abundance of remains of different coleopteran taxa sampled under feeding perches of the bat Tonatia bidens, in the Brazilian Caatinga. Data collected in September and October 2016, March and August 2017, and May and November 2022. Coleopteran silhouettes were used under CC0 1.0 license (www.phylopic.org).
Data from: Scale-dependent effects of landscape variables on gene flow and population structure in bats
Aim: A common pattern in biogeography is the scale-dependent effect of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of species. We tested the role of climatic and land cover variables in structuring the distribution of genetic variation in the grey long-eared bat, Plecotus austriacus, across spatial scales. Although landscape genetics has been widely used to describe spatial patterns of gene flow in a variety of taxa, volant animals have generally been neglected because of their perceived high dispersal potential.Location: England and Europe. Methods: We used a multiscale integrated approach, combining population genetics with species distribution modelling and geographical information under a causal modelling framework, to identify landscape barriers to gene flow and their effect on population structure and conservation status. Genotyping involved 23 polymorphic microsatellites and 259 samples from across the species' range. Results: We identified distinct population structure shaped by geographical barriers and evidence of population fragmentation at the northern edge of the range. Habitat suitability (as captured by species distribution models, SDMs) was the most important landscape variable affecting genetic connectivity at the broad spatial scale, while at the fine scale, lowland unimproved grasslands, the main foraging habitat of P. austriacus, played a pivotal role in promoting genetic connectivity. Main conclusions: The importance of lowland unimproved grasslands in determining the biogeography and genetic connectivity in P. austriacus highlights the importance of their conservation as part of a wider landscape management for fragmented edge populations. This study illustrates the value of using SDMs in landscape genetics and highlights the need for multiscale approaches when studying genetic connectivity in volant animals or taxa with similar dispersal abilities.
Data from: Who's for dinner? High-throughput sequencing reveals bat diet differentiation in a biodiversity hotspot where prey taxonomy is largely undescribed
Effective management and conservation of biodiversity requires understanding of predator–prey relationships to ensure the continued existence of both predator and prey populations. Gathering dietary data from predatory species, such as insectivorous bats, often presents logistical challenges, further exacerbated in biodiversity hot spots because prey items are highly speciose, yet their taxonomy is largely undescribed. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatic analyses to phylogenetically group DNA sequences into molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) to examine predator–prey dynamics of three sympatric insectivorous bat species in the biodiversity hotspot of south-western Australia. We could only assign between 4% and 20% of MOTUs to known genera or species, depending on the method used, underscoring the importance of examining dietary diversity irrespective of taxonomic knowledge in areas lacking a comprehensive genetic reference database. MOTU analysis confirmed that resource partitioning occurred, with dietary divergence positively related to the ecomorphological divergence of the three bat species. We predicted that bat species' diets would converge during times of high energetic requirements, that is, the maternity season for females and the mating season for males. There was an interactive effect of season on female, but not male, bat species' diets, although small sample sizes may have limited our findings. Contrary to our predictions, females of two ecomorphologically similar species showed dietary convergence during the mating season rather than the maternity season. HTS-based approaches can help elucidate complex predator–prey relationships in highly speciose regions, which should facilitate the conservation of biodiversity in genetically uncharacterized areas, such as biodiversity hotspots.
Data from: Molecular evolution of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 gene Nrf2 in Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Mammals developed antioxidant systems to defend against oxidative damage in their daily life. Enzymatic antioxidants and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWAs) constitute major parts of the antioxidant systems. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2, encoded by the Nrf2 gene) is a central transcriptional regulator, regulating transcription, of many antioxidant enzymes. Frugivorous bats eat large amounts of fruits that contain high levels of LMWAs such as vitamin C, thus, a reliance on LMWAs might greatly reduce the need for antioxidant enzymes in comparison to insectivorous bats. Therefore, it is possible that frugivorous bats have a reduced need for Nrf2 function due to their substantial intake of diet-antioxidants. To test whether the Nrf2 gene has undergone relaxed evolution in fruit-eating bats, we obtained Nrf2 sequences from 16 species of bats, including four Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and one New World fruit bat (Phyllostomidae). Our molecular evolutionary analyses revealed changes in the selection pressure acting on Nrf2 gene and identified seven specific amino acid substitutions that occurred on the ancestral lineage leading to Old World fruit bats. Biochemical experiments were conducted to examine Nrf2 in Old World fruit bats and showed that the amount of catalase, which is regulated by Nrf2, was significantly lower in the brain, heart and liver of Old World fruit bats despite higher levels of Nrf2 protein in Old World fruit bats. Computational predictions suggest that three of these seven amino acid replacements might be deleterious to Nrf2 function. Therefore, the results suggest that Nrf2 gene might have experienced relaxed constraint in Old World fruit bats, however, we cannot rule out the possibility of positive selection. Our study provides the first data on the molecular adaptation of Nrf2 gene in frugivorous bats in compensation to the increased levels of LWMAs from their fruit-diet.
Data from: Primary productivity explains size variation across the Pallid bat's (Antrozous pallidus) western geographic range
1. Body size is associated with many aspects of the life history, ecology, and physiology of animals. Within a species, body size can vary substantially across space and time, and the mechanisms generating these patterns have been the focus of evolutionary and ecology research. 2. Bergmann's Rule predicts a negative relationship between body size and temperature across the geographic range of endothermic animals; larger animals have a lower surface to volume ratio, which would allow for greater heat conservation. Despite the broad support for this pattern, its underlying mechanisms are heavily debated. Numerous alternative explanations have been proposed to explain why larger animals are found in colder climates, and vice versa, including heat dissipation, environmental seasonality, and resource availability. 3. We used the Pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus, as a model to evaluate Bergmannian size patterns and the relative support for major explanatory hypotheses of geographic body size variation. We tested the hypothesis that geographic size variation is predicted by productivity, as opposed to seasonality, heat conservation or dissipation, or some combination of these processes. Additionally, we investigated the potential ecomorphological consequences of size variation in Pallid bats by determining if skull shape (an indicator of bite performance) varies with size. 4. Whereas we did find that Pallid bat populations in northern latitudes are composed of larger individuals, our results suggest that net primary productivity and, to a lesser extent heat conservation, best explains size variation throughout the western range of this species. We also found that skull shape in Pallid bats changes in tandem with skull size, with larger bats having cranial traits associated with greater bite force production. 5. The results of our study indicate that variation in resource availability may be a key factor underlying spatial patterns in size, morphology and, possibly, feeding performance within wide-ranging bat species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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