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FIGURE 1 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 1. Comparison between Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotypes A, B, and C, and K. tubiflora. A. Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype A, a form growing variously in Israel and is indistinguishable from K. ×houghtonii 'J.T. Baldwin', showing large, lanceolate leaves, and large, medially inflated, magenta, K. tubiflora-like flowers; the inflorescences are large and distinct. B–C. Details of the leaf (B) and salmon-pink flowers (C) of a similar form of K. ×houghtonii Morphotype A; material growing invasively in Porto Covo, southern coastal Portugal. D. The large, orange-red, medially rounded flowers of K. tubiflora on an indistinct peduncle, also growing invasively in Portugal. E–F. The two cultivars of K. ×houghtonii Morphotype B: K. ×houghtonii 'Hybrida' with a decussate leaf arrangement (E) and K. ×houghtonii 'Pink Butterflies' with a tricussate leaf arrangement (F), both showing ovate leaves. G. Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype C, showing linear leaves with ≥10 denticules along the leaf margins, i.e., more than the number diagnostic for K. tubiflora, and a lower number of bulbil pedestals. H–J. The sub-terete leaves of three distinct clones of K. tubiflora, all apically showing 6–8 margin denticules per leaf and an equal number of bulbil pedestals. Photographs: Gideon F. Smith (B–D), Ronen Shtein (rest).

FIGURE 6 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 6. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d'Antsokay. A–B. Kalanchoe daigremontiana showing deeply peltate, longtriangular leaves that are apically acute. Abaxially, the leaves are greyish, and maculate with dark blotches especially towards the margins. The overall khaki green colouration and spotted petiole may suggest some influence from K. tubiflora. More conspicuously admixtured plants are known from other localities in the Toliara and Onilahy regions of Madagascar, as discussed in the text. C–E. Kalanchoe tubiflora showing some variation in the overall colouration of the plants. It is not known which of the forms of K. tubiflora that are cultivated in the Arboretum are native to the Toliara region, and which were introduced from elsewhere in Madagascar. Photographs: Jun Ikeda.

FIGURE 2 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 2. Comparison between two forms of Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype D, which is alternatively treated as K. daigremontiana and potentially represent K. daigremontiana × K. ×houghtonii. Both forms lack the large, medially inflated, orange, red or magenta flowers of the other K. ×houghtonii Morphotypes discussed in this paper, the leaf arrangement generally remains decussate, and the leaf blade base is peltate when plants reach maturity. A–D. A form originating from the Toliara region, southern Madagascar, showing saddle-shaped, peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, subentire margins on leaves of young plants, abaxial maculation patterns resembling those of K. daigremontiana, and uniquely, sepals that are barely fused. E–H. Kalanchoe 'Parsel Tongue', reportedly a garden hybrid that arose spontaneously, showing funnel-shaped peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, dentate margins even on leaves of young plants, uniquely granular abaxial maculation patterns distinct from those of any other kalanchoe of the K. daigremontiana species complex, and sepals that are fused for half of their length, as observed in K. daigremontiana. Also note that these two forms differ significantly in the length of their corollae. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.

FIGURE 11 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 11. Two hybrids of the combination Kalanchoe daigremontiana × K. fedtschenkoi, created by Hung I Lu in cultivation in Israel (A, B), and created by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan (C, D). A. Plant in bud with no bulbil formation or bulbil pedestals visible, though few occasional bulbils are produced. B. Two trilobate leaves, only barely auriculate. C. Dense inflorescences. D. Close up of the salmon-coloured flowers, showing a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. In the background, dentate, basally cuneate leaves are visible. Photographs: A–B, Ronen Shtein; C–D, Sheng Jian Lu.

FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. laxiflora, created and cultivated, in Israel. A. Young plant in vegetative growth, showing some peltate leaves and almost exclusively mid-green colouration. B. A mature plant (top) compared to K. daigremontiana (bottom), showing heterosis with both leaf size and plant height greatly exceeding that of either parent. No bulbil pedestals are present, and a single bulbil is visible at the leaf apex. C. Close up of the abaxial leaf blade surface almost devoid of the dark purple-brown stripes characteristic of K. daigremontiana. D. Deep red flowers with a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.

FIGURE 13 in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 13. Kalanchoe laetivirens × K. "Rauhii" produced by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan. A. Plant in full flower, showing the distinctly pink colouration of the flowers, whitish green when emerging. B. The stem shows a transition from short, wide, basal nodes to longer and thinner, pink distal nodes. The abaxial leaf surface is somewhat pink and maculate in purple towards the margins. C. The peduncle. D–E. Leaves showing pink-coloured central adaxial veining, large erect projections from the auriculate leaf blade base, margins that are dentate with teeth subducted by recurved spathulate bulbil pedestals and bulbils, and a leaf apex that is rounded-cuneate and not acute. Photographs: Sheng Jian Lu.

FIGURE 12. A in Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. ×descoingsii (=K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)

FIGURE 12. A. Bernard Marie Descoings (1931–2018), when visiting Mr Jean-Luc Billouet's succulent collection in April 2012. B. When aloe specialist Dr (h.c.) Gilbert W. Reynolds, visited Madagascar in the 1950s, Descoings, then a young man in his mid-20s, accompanied and assisted him (Reynolds 1958: 6–7, 146, Fig. 100, Reynolds 1966: ix, 515, Fig. 543). Descoings here stands next to a large specimen of Aloestrela suzannae (Decary 1921: 26) Molteno & Gideon F.Sm. in Smith & Molteno (2019: 5). The original of the black-and-white image was likely held in Herb. PRE along with parts of the archives of Reynolds, but is apparently no longer extant. Photographs: A, Jean-Luc Billouet; B, unknown; likely G.W. Reynolds.

FIGURE 59 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURE 59. CCA biplot based on Phlogophora seasonal abundance and major predictor variables with sites (summary table & intraset correlations between species, explanatory variables and ordination axes are shown in inset).

FIGURE 58 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURE 58. Seasonal Abundance of Phlogophora spp. along with abundance fluctuations with average trap night temperature and average trap night humidity.

FIGURE 57 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURE 57. Predicted suitable areas for six Phlogophora spp. in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot under current climatic condition

FIGURE 56 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURE 56. Species richness and Relative abundance of Phlogophora spp. among five major Himalayan Forest types and average NDVI values.

FIGURES 51–54 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 51–54. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora similis sp. nov. 51–52. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, HT, West Bengal, Gen. prep. NV/RI21/1/05.IX.16/507; 53–54. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, PT, West Bengal, Gen. prep. NV/RI21/1/05.IX.16/26.

FIGURES 39–46 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 39–46. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora spp. 39–40. Phlogophora pectinata (Warren, 1888), Uttarakhand, Gen. prep. WHLEP_133; 41–42. Phlogophora subpurpurea Leech, 1900, Uttarakhand, Gen. prep. AS/CK31/3/03.VI.18/8; 43–44. Phlogophora calamistrata (Moore, 1882), Sikkim, Gen. prep. KB/DZ19/1/24.XI.19/11; 45–46. Phlogophora plumbeola (Hampson, 1894), Uttarakhand, Gen. prep. GLA_4.2.

FIGURES 47–50 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 47–50. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora spp. 47–48. Phlogophora striatovirens (Moore, 1867), West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/GAR24_2/2/21.V.18/42; 49–50. Phlogophora discisignata (Moore, 1867), Mechi, Nepal, Gen. prep. GYP 3412*. * Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Centres of diversity of Phlogophora spp. with respective number of species from each centre.

FIGURES 31–38 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 31–38. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora spp. 31–32. Phlogophora conservuloides (Hampson, 1898), Uttarakhand, Gen. prep. AS/CK26/3/18.VI.18/7; 33–34. Phlogophora distorta (Moore, 1881), Uttarakhand, Gen. prep. AS/ CK22/3/14.V.18/4; 35–36. Phlogophora szecsenyii (Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998), Sikkim, Gen. prep. KB/DZ19/1/23.XI.19/203; 37–38. Phlogophora albovittata (Moore, 1867), West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/CH22/2/15.V.18/190.

FIGURES 19–22 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 19–22. Habitus images of Phlogophora similis sp. nov. 19. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, HT (dorsal); 20. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, HT (ventral); 21. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, PT (dorsal); 22. Phlogophora similis sp. nov., male, PT (ventral).

FIGURES 3–10 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 3–10. Habitus images of Phlogophora spp. 3. Phlogophora nobilis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998; 4. Phlogophora costalis (Moore, 1882); 5. Phlogophora humilis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998; 6. Phlogophora meticulodina (Draudt, 1950)*; 7. Phlogophora conservuloides (Hampson, 1898); 8. Phlogophora distorta (Moore, 1881); 9. Phlogophora szecsenyii (Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998); 10. Phlogophora sinuata (Moore, 1882). *Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence.

FIGURES 23–30 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 23–30. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora spp. 23–24. Phlogophora nobilis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998, West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/MND21/1/29.X.18/60; 25–26. Phlogophora costalis (Moore, 1882), West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/ GAR24_2/2/21.V.18/37; 27–28. Phlogophora humilis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998, West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/PAL19_1/1/03. XI.18/166; 29–30. Phlogophora meticulodina (Draudt, 1950), Sichuan, China, Gen. prep. GYP 5267*. *Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence.

FIGURES 11–18 in Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species

FIGURES 11–18. Habitus images of Phlogophora spp. 11. Phlogophora albovittata (Moore, 1867); 12. Phlogophora pectinata (Warren, 1888); 13. Phlogophora subpurpurea Leech, 1900 (dorsal); 14. Phlogophora subpurpurea Leech, 1900 (ventral); 15. Phlogophora calamistrata (Moore, 1882); 16. Phlogophora plumbeola (Hampson, 1894); 17. Phlogophora striatovirens (Moore, 1867); 18. Phlogophora discisignata (Moore, 1867)*. *Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence.