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Fig. 2 in Female remating inhibition and fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) associated with male accessory glands
Fig. 2. Size of male mesodermal accessory gland (MAG) of Bactrocera dorsalis. A, mean length (± S.E.), and B, mean area (± S.E.) of glands. UP means unmated males that were paired with virgin females before the onset of the simulated dusk (when mating occurs), and UU means unmated males and that were not paired with females. 0 h is the size of the MAG just afer mating; 16 h is the size of the MAG at 16 h. Different letters above error bars indicate significantly different means.
A Comparison of Two Methods For Resolving Displacement Heights in Fitting Logarithmic Windspeed and Air Temperature Profiles
<p>This respository houses a distribution of percentage errors as a comparison between estimated aerodynamic parameters and their known values. This helps to test and quantify the overall accuracy of a new method to resolve the displacement heights in fitting logarithmic windspeed and temperature profiles. This dataset is associated with the MRes project '<span>Aerodynamic Roughness Controlled by Wind Direction, with Implications for Glacial Surface Energy Balance and Melt Rate</span>', by Josh Abrahams, University of Leeds. </p>
The best fitting tree model for Japonic languages
<p>Data from Lee, S., & Hasegawa, T. (2011). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages. <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</em>, rspb20110518.</p>
Anatomy-based Fitting in Cochlear implantation - Database
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Exploring the Impact of Curiosity and Sport Commitment on Creativity among Fitness Coaches: The Mediating Role of Knowledge-Sharing and Flow Experience
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Fit summary of "X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive Stars at low metallicity IX: Empirical constraints on mass-loss rates and clumping parameters for OB supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
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Data from: The experimental evolution of herbicide-resistance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results in a positive correlation between fitness in the presence and absence of herbicides
Pleiotropic fitness trade-offs will be key determinants of the evolutionary dynamics of selection for pesticide resistance. However, for herbicide resistance, empirical support for a fitness cost of resistance is mixed, and it is therefore also questionable what further ecological trade-offs can be assumed to apply to herbicide resistance. Here, we test the existence of trade-offs by experimentally evolving herbicide resistance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Although fitness costs are detected for all herbicides, we find that, counterintuitively, the most resistant populations also have the lowest fitness costs as measured by growth rate in the ancestral environment. Furthermore, after controlling for differences in the evolutionary dynamics of resistance to different herbicides, we also detect significant positive correlations between resistance, fitness in the ancestral environment and cross-resistance to other herbicides. We attribute this to the highest levels of nontarget-site resistance being achieved by fixing mutations that more broadly affect cellular physiology, which results in both more cross-resistance and less overall antagonistic pleiotropy on maximum growth rate. Consequently, the lack of classical ecological trade-offs could present a major challenge for herbicide resistance management.
Data from: Shifting fitness landscapes in response to altered environments
The role of adaptation in molecular evolution has been contentious for decades. Here, we shed light on the adaptive potential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by presenting systematic fitness measurements for all possible point mutations in a region of Hsp90 under four environmental conditions. Under elevated salinity, we observe numerous beneficial mutations with growth advantages up to 7% relative to the wild type. All of these beneficial mutations were observed to be associated with high costs of adaptation. We thus demonstrate that an essential protein can harbor adaptive potential upon an environmental challenge, and report a remarkable fit of the data to a version of Fisher's geometric model that focuses on the fitness trade-offs between mutations in different environments.
Data from: Sexual harassment induces a temporary fitness cost but does not constrain the acquisition of environmental information in fruit flies
Across animals, sexual harassment induces fitness costs for females and males. However, little is known about the cognitive costs involved, i.e. whether it constrains learning processes, which could ultimately affect an individual's fitness. Here we evaluate the acquisition of environmental information in groups of fruit flies challenged with various levels of male sexual harassment. We show that, although high sexual harassment induces a temporary fitness cost for females, all fly groups of both sexes exhibit similar levels of learning. This suggests that, in fruit flies, the fitness benefits of acquiring environmental information are not affected by the fitness costs of sexual harassment, and that selection may favour cognition even in unfavourable social contexts. Our study provides novel insights into the relationship between sexual conflicts and cognition and the evolution of female counterstrategies against male sexual harassment.
Data from: Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
1. Plants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant-animal interactions in natural systems can be highly complex, most interactions can be simplified into those that are either direct (mediated through pairwise interactions) or indirect (mediated through third-party species). Mechanistic studies of the direct and indirect pathways by which foliar herbivores affect plants have been well explored; however, mechanistic explorations of how floral herbivores, such as nectar robbers, affect total plant fitness via direct vs. indirect pathways have received less attention. 2. The goal of this study was to assess the importance of direct vs. pollinator-mediated indirect effects of a floral antagonist on female and male components of plant fitness. We focused on the hummingbird-pollinated plant scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata, which is nectar-robbed by the bumble bee Bombus occidentalis. Prior studies have found evidence for pollinator-mediated indirect effects of robbing on female and male components of I. aggregata fitness, but the mechanisms by which these indirect effects occur, and experimental evidence supporting or refuting direct effects of robbing, have been lacking. 3. We found no evidence for direct effects of robbing on plant fitness. Robbers did not act as pollinators of I. aggregata nor did they directly affect seed production by making nectar-robber holes or removing nectar in hand-pollinated flowers. Moreover, robbing had no direct effect on pollen production per flower or the ability of pollen from robbed flowers to sire seeds in hand-pollinations. 4. However, nectar robbing had indirect effects on plant reproduction mediated through per-visit pollinator effectiveness at depositing pollen in robbed vs. unrobbed flowers. A simple model of a plant-robber-pollinator system suggested that robbing effects in general may occur through more indirect mechanisms when nectar removal by robbers is high relative to nectar replenishment, and that compensation for robbing is then more profitable through the production of additional flowers. 5. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of indirect effects in mediating the fitness consequences of species interactions.
Data from: Plasticity and epistasis strongly affect bacterial fitness after losing multiple metabolic genes
Many bacterial lineages lack seemingly essential metabolic genes. Previous work suggested selective benefits could drive the loss of biosynthetic functions from bacterial genomes when the corresponding metabolites are sufficiently available in the environment. However, the factors that govern this 'genome streamlining' remain poorly understood. Here we determine the effect of plasticity and epistasis on the fitness of Escherichia coli genotypes from whose genome biosynthetic genes for one, two, or three different amino acids have been deleted. Competitive fitness experiments between auxotrophic mutants and prototrophic wild type cells in one of two carbon environments revealed that plasticity and epistasis strongly affected the mutants' fitness individually and interactively. Positive and negative epistatic interactions were prevalent, yet on average cancelled each other out. Moreover, epistasis correlated negatively with the expected effects of combined auxotrophy-causing mutations, thus producing a pattern of diminishing returns. Moreover, computationally analysing 1,432 eubacterial metabolic networks revealed that most pairs of auxotrophies co-occurred significantly more often than expected by chance, suggesting epistatic interactions and/ or environmental factors favoured these combinations. Our results demonstrate that both the genetic background and environmental conditions determine the adaptive value of a loss-of-biochemical-function mutation and that fitness gains decelerate, as more biochemical functions are lost.
Data from: A cryptic Allee effect: spatial contexts mask an existing fitness–density relationship
Current theories predict that Allee effects should be widespread in nature, but there is little consistency in empirical findings. We hypothesized that this gap can arise from ignoring spatial contexts (i.e. spatial scale and heterogeneity) that potentially mask an existing fitness–density relationship: a 'cryptic' Allee effect. To test this hypothesis, we analysed how spatial contexts interacted with conspecific density to influence the fertilization rate of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera laevis. This sessile organism has a simple fertilization process whereby females filter sperm from the water column; this system enabled us to readily assess the interaction between conspecific density and spatial heterogeneity (e.g. flow conditions) at multiple spatial levels. Our findings were twofold. First, positive density-dependence in fertilization was undetectable at a population scale (approx. less than 50.5 m2), probably reflecting the exponential decay of sperm density with distance from the sperm source. Second, the Allee effect was confirmed at a local level (0.25 m2), but only when certain flow conditions were met (slow current velocity and shallow water depth). These results suggest that spatial contexts can mask existing Allee effects.
Data from: The costs of being dark: the genetic basis of melanism and its association with fitness-related traits in the sand cricket
Melanism is an important component of insect cuticle and serves numerous functions that enhance fitness. Despite its importance, there is little information on its genetic basis or its phenotypic and genetic correlation with fitness-related traits. Here, we examine the heritability of melanism in the wing dimorphic sand cricket and determine its phenotypic and genetic correlation with wing morphology, gonad mass and size of the dorso-longitudinal muscles (the principle flight muscles). Previously demonstrated trade-offs among these traits are significant factors in the evolution of life history variation. Using path analysis, we show that melanization is causally related to gonad mass, but not flight muscle mass. Averaged over the sexes, the heritability of melanism was 0.61, the genetic correlation with gonad mass was −0.36 and with wing morph was 0.51. The path model correctly predicted the ranking of melanization score in lines selected for increased ovary mass, increased flight muscle mass, an index that increased both traits and an unselected control. Our results support the general hypothesis that melanization is costly for insects and negatively impacts investment in early reproduction.
No evidence for increased fitness of offspring from multigenerational effects of parental size or natal carcass size in the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus
<p>Multigenerational effects (often called maternal effects) are components of the offspring phenotype that result from the parental phenotype and the parental environment as opposed to heritable genetic effects. Multigenerational effects are widespread in nature and are often studied because of their potentially important effects on offspring traits. Although multigenerational effects are commonly observed, few studies have addressed whether they affect offspring fitness. In this study we assess the effect of potential multigenerational effects of parental body size and natal carcass size on lifetime fitness in the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus marginatus</i> (Coleoptera; Silphidae). Lifespan, total number of offspring, and number of offspring in the first reproductive bout were not significantly related to parental body size or natal carcass size. However, current carcass size used for reproduction was a significant predictor for lifetime number of offspring and number of offspring in the first brood. We find no evidence that multigenerational effects from larger parents or larger natal carcasses contribute to increased fitness of offspring.</p>
Data from: Programmed death in a unicellular organism has species-specific fitness effects
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an ancient phenomenon and its origin and maintenance in unicellular life is unclear. We report that programmed death provides differential fitness effects that are species specific in the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Remarkably, PCD in this organism not only benefits others of the same species, but also has an inhibitory effect on the growth of other species. These data reveal that the fitness effects of PCD can depend upon genetic relatedness.
Data from: Gene duplication and co-evolution of G1/S transcription factors specificity in fungi are essential for optimizing cell fitness
Transcriptional regulatory networks play a central role in optimizing cell survival. How DNA binding domains and cis-regulatory DNA binding sequences have co-evolved to allow the expansion of transcriptional networks and how this contributes to cellular fitness remains unclear. Here we experimentally explore how the complex G1/S transcriptional network evolved in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by examining different chimeric transcription factor (TF) complexes. Over 300 G1/S genes are regulated by either one of the two TF complexes, SBF and MBF, which bind to specific DNA binding sequences, SCB and MCB, respectively. Our data suggests that whilst SBF is the likely ancestral regulatory complex, the ancestral DNA binding element is more MCB-like. G1/S network expansion took place by both cis- and trans- co-evolutionary changes in closely related but distinct regulatory sequences. Replacement of the endogenous SBF DNA-binding domain (DBD) with that from more distantly related fungi leads to a contraction of the G1/S network in budding yeast, which also correlates with increased defects in cell growth, cell size, and proliferation. This indicates that expansion of the G1/S network in budding yeast may represent an evolutionary product of selection for cell cycle fitness.
Data from: Comprehensive experimental fitness landscape and evolutionary network for small RNA
The origin of life is believed to have progressed through an RNA world, in which RNA acted as both genetic material and functional molecules. The structure of the evolutionary fitness landscape of RNA would determine natural selection for the first functional sequences. Fitness landscapes are the subject of much speculation, but their structure is essentially unknown. Here we describe a comprehensive map of a fitness landscape, exploring nearly all of sequence space, for short RNAs surviving selection in vitro. With the exception of a small evolutionary network, we find that fitness peaks are largely isolated from one another, highlighting the importance of historical contingency and indicating that natural selection would be constrained to local exploration in the RNA world.
Reproductive fitness of Callosobruchus maculatus mtDNA haplotypes
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) consists of few but vital maternally inherited genes that interact closely with nuclear genes to produce cellular energy. How important mtDNA polymorphism is for adaptation is still unclear. The assumption in population genetic studies is often that segregating mtDNA variation is selectively neutral. This contrasts with empirical observations of mtDNA haplotypes affecting fitness related traits and thermal sensitivity, and latitudinal clines in mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Here we experimentally test whether ambient temperature affects selection on mtDNA variation, and whether such thermal effects are influenced by intergenomic epistasis due to interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, using replicated experimental evolution in <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> seed beetle populations seeded with a mixture of different mtDNA haplotypes. We also test for sex-specific consequences of mtDNA evolution on reproductive success, given that mtDNA mutations can have sexually antagonistic fitness effects. Our results demonstrate natural selection on mtDNA haplotypes, with some support for thermal environment influencing mtDNA evolution through mitonuclear epistasis. The changes in male and female reproductive fitness were both aligned with changes in mtDNA haplotype frequencies, suggesting that natural selection on mtDNA is sexually concordant in stressful thermal environments. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of mtDNA. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web
<p>These are datasets for the manuscript entitled "Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web". Each data file contains counts of protists per 100uL of water when grown with individual strains (protist_counts_strains.csv) and mixtures of strains (protist_counts_mixed_strains.csv). </p> <p>Columns descriptions, protist_counts_strains.csv:</p> <p>1: Name - the name of the bacterial strain, combined with the protist genotype that it was grown with<br> 2: Bacterial_strain - the unique identifier for each bacterial strain<br> 3: strain_genus - the bacterial genus determined by 16S rRNA sequencing and NCBI BLAST<br> 4: Protist_genotype - the genotype of protist that the bacteria were grown with<br> 5: count_100uL - the number of protists that were counted per 100uL using a Palmer cell. <br> 6: Avg_area - the average cell area as measured using ImageJ software<br> 7: Biomass - the count_100uL x Avg_area to get some metric for biomass</p> <p>Columns descriptions, protist_counts_mixed_strains.csv:</p> <p>1: Mixture_name - the name of the bacterial mixture<br> 2: Protist_genotype - the genotype of protist that the bacteria were grown with<br> 3: count_per100uL - the number of protists that were counted per 100uL using a Palmer cell. <br> 4: mixture_ID - a descriptor name for each bacterial mixture based on how well the strains in the mixture performed in isolation<br> 5: description - a list of the bacterial strains added to the mixture</p>
Graduated Cylindrical Shell fitting results for multiple CMEs from multiple catalogs
<p>Graduated Cylindrical Shell fitting results for multiple CMEs from multiple catalogs</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.