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FIGURE 11 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 11. Ventral views of the heads of the holotypes of the three new species of Lygodactylus described herein, and one representative specimen of L. tolampyae. The images on the right show the mental region magnified and strongly sharpened to improve visibility of sutures between scales. For the holotype of L. morii sp. nov., the typical arrangement of scales in the mental region in this species complex is labelled: M, mental scales (semi-divided by incomplete sutures), PM, post-mentals (typically three), IL1, first infralabial (which maintains a broad contact with the mental). Scale bars (referring to the images on the left) represent 1 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 12. Lateral views of the heads of the holotypes of the three new species of Lygodactylus described herein, and one representative specimen of L. tolampyae. The scale bar represents 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 10. Preserved holotypes of the three new species of the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex described herein, photographed in May 2023.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 4. Individuals of Lygodactylus tolampyae from Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, all photographed in 2006. The upper three individuals are not unambiguously assignable to voucher specimens but correspond to samples included in the mitochondrial tree (Fig. 1) and grouped in lineage A+B; the lowermost picture shows the female ZSM 6/2006 (FGZC 676).

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 9. Female holotype of Lygodactylus schwitzeri sp. nov., ZSM 419/2000 (FGMV 2000.155), from Berara Forest, Sahamalaza, in life, photographed in February 2000.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 5. Male holotype of Lygodactylus morii sp. nov., ZSM 501/2001 (FGMV 2001.300) from Ampijoroa, Ankarafantsika National Park, in life, photographed in February 2001.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 2. Map of Madagascar with genetically confirmed sampling localities of the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex. Colours correspond to those used for mitochondrial lineages. The black square marks the town Morondava from which no samples were analyzed; it is likely that the type locality of L. tolampyae is located in the wider Morondava area.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 6. Individuals of Lygodactylus morii sp. nov. from near Ampijoroa (Ankarafantsika National Park) in life, photographed in November 2022. A. specimen with sample number MVTIS 33402/33488 (not collected). B. paratype ZSM 159/2022 (ZCMV 15703).

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 8. Female holotype of Lygodactylus herilalai sp. nov., ZSM 161/2022 (ZCMV 15707) from Ampondrabe, Ankarafantsika National Park, in life, photographed November 2022.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree calculated from DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (alignment length: 517 bp) for 70 samples of the L. tolampyae complex. A sample of L. bivittis was used as outgroup. Numbers are bootstrap support values in percent (500 replicates). Clades are defined on the basis of an analysis with ASAP.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomizing a truly morphologically cryptic complex of dwarf geckos from Madagascar: molecular evidence for new species-level lineages within the Lygodactylus tolampyae complex

FIGURE 7. Four individuals of Lygodactylus morii sp. nov. photographed in November 2022 at different sites near Ampijoroa (Ankarafantsika National Park) in life, resting at night on terminal twigs of trees as is typical for the L. tolampyae complex. Individuals not individually assignable to sample or voucher specimen numbers, but corresponding to sequences included in Fig. 1.

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Data from: Phylogenomic inference and demographic model selection suggest peripatric separation of the cryptic steppe ant species Plagiolepis pyrenaica stat. rev.

The ant Plagiolepis taurica Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is a typical species of the Eurasian steppes, a large grassland-dominated biome that stretches continuously from Central Asia to Eastern Europe and is represented by disjunct outposts also in Central and Western Europe. The extent of this biome has been influenced by the Pleistocene climate, and steppes expanded recurrently during cold stages and contracted in warm stages. Consequently, stenotopic steppe species such as P. taurica repeatedly went through periods of demographic expansion and severe isolation. Here, we explore the impact of these dynamics on the genetic diversification within P. taurica. Delimitation of P. taurica from other Plagiolepis species has been unclear since its initial description, which raised questions on both its classification and its spatiotemporal diversification early on. We re‐evaluate species limits and explore underlying mechanisms driving speciation by using an integrative approach based on genomic and morphometric data. We found large intraspecific divergence within P. taurica and resolved geographically coherent western and eastern genetic groups, which likewise differed morphologically. A morphometric survey of type material showed that Plagiolepis from the western group were more similar to P. barbara pyrenaica Emery, 1921 than to P. taurica; we thus lift the former from synonymy and establish it as separate species, P. pyrenaica stat. rev. Explicit evolutionary model testing based on genomic data supported a peripatric speciation for the species pair, probably as a consequence of steppe contraction and isolation during the mid‐Pleistocene. We speculate that this scenario could be exemplary for many stenotopic steppe species, given the emphasized dynamics of Eurasian steppes.

Fig. 8 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 8 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; holotype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.25 mm: A, pereopod 4. Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; paratype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.45 mm: B, pereopod 5; C, pereopod 6; D, pereopod 7. Scale bars represent 1 mm

Fig. 1 in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 1 Multilocus Bayesian phylogeny of selected members of the Crangonyctoidea. Posterior probability is indicated by colored diamonds (black 0.90–1.0, gray 0.89–0.80, white 0.79–0.70). Inset (upper) Crangonyx hobbsi, female, Devil's Eye Spring, Gilchrist County, Florida (YPM IZ 105321), 8.82 mm, scale bar represents

Fig. 6 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 6 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; holotype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.25 mm: A, upper lip; B, lower lip; C, maxilla 1 (outer plate spine-teeth enlarged); D, maxilla 2 (outer plate apical serrate seta enlarged); E, maxilliped (inner plate apical margin enlarged). Scale bars represent 0.5 mm

Fig. 10 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 10 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; allotype male, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051870), 5.87 mm: A, antenna 1 accessory flagellum; B, antenna 2 (single calceolus enlarged); C, gnathopod 1 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged); D, gnathopod 2 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). Scale bars 0.5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D)

FIGURES 10, 11. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n in Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp., a cryptic millipede from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cyrtodesmidae)

FIGURES 10, 11. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp. male holotype (CAS). 10: Right gonopod, mesal view.11: Solenite of right gonopod; Abbreviations:; cxl, coxal lobe; pf, prefemur; pfp, prefemoral process; sb, seminiferous branch; sol, solenite—other labels as for Fig. 10.

FIGURES 6–9. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n in Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp., a cryptic millipede from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cyrtodesmidae)

FIGURES 6–9. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp. male holotype (CAS) 6: Dorsum of segment 7, dorsal view; 7: Spinnerets, ventral view; 8: Metazonital sculpture; 9: Metazonital setae. Abbreviations: g, droplets of secreted glue; a.m, anterior and posterior prozonite sculpture zones; met, metazonite; Mt, major tubercle; mt, minor tubercle; sp, spinnerets.

FIGURES 2, 3. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n in Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp., a cryptic millipede from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cyrtodesmidae)

FIGURES 2, 3. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp. male holotype (CAS). 1: Head, frontal view; 2: Collum and pedigerous segments 1– 5, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, m, p, anterior, medial and posterior sculpture zones of prozonite; col, collum; sl, lateral lobes of pedigerous segment 1; numerals, pedigerous segment numbers;

FIGURES 4, 5. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n in Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp., a cryptic millipede from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cyrtodesmidae)

FIGURES 4, 5. Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp. male holotype (CAS). 4: Eighth segment, posterior view. 5: Ventral teeth of limbus, posterior view;. Abbreviations: pn, paranota; t, teeth of limbus