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Figure 10 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 10. Maxillary and mandibular tooth rows and cranial elements of Pennatomys nivalis gen. et sp. nov. A–C, maxillary tooth rows. A, FLMNH-EAP 05270001 (St. Eustatius). B, NHM M 82456 (Nevis) (reversed for comparison). C, FLMNH-EAP 05270002 (St. Eustatius). D–G, mandibular tooth rows. D, NHM M 82452 (holotype: Nevis). E, NHM M 82460 (Nevis). F, FLMNH-EAP 05270003 (St. Eustatius) (reversed for comparison). G, FLMNH-EAP 05270004 (St. Eustatius) (reversed for comparison). H–I, maxilla, FLMNH-EAP 05270002 (St. Eustatius). J, mandible, labial view, FLMNH-EAP 05270003 (St. Eustatius). K, paired frontals, FLMNH-EAP 05270005 (St. Eustatius). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 11 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships of West Indian oryzomyines. Consensus cladogram of four most-parsimonious trees (tree length, L = 1245; consistency index, CI = 0.37; retention index, RI = 0.64) of combined molecular (Irbp) and morphological characters. Jackknife (> 50%) and Bremer (> 1) nodal support indices are shown above and below branches, respectively. Clades A, B, C, and D are the same as those recovered by Weksler (2006). Out-groups include Peromyscus maniculatus (Neotominae), Nyctomys sumichrasti (Tylomyinae), and Delomys sublineatus, Thomasomys baeops, and Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos (Sigmodontinae). Oryzomyine generic taxonomy follows that of Weksler et al. (2006).

Figure 8 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 8. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of Oligoryzomys victus skin (NHM 97.12.26.1). Scale bar: 2 cm.

Figure 5 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 5. Cranium and mandible of Megalomys. Left to right: Megalomys desmarestii (NHM 50.11.30.6) and Megalomys luciae (NHM 53.12.16.2). Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 7 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 7. Mandibular molars of West Indian rice rats. A, Megalomys desmarestii (NHM 55.12.24.201). B, Megalomys audreyae (NHM M7406a) (reversed for comparison). C, Oligoryzomys victus (NHM 97.12.26.1). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 2. Martinique giant rice rat ('Le rat pilori, Mus pilorides'), possibly drawn from life, from Gervais (1854: 411).

Figure 6 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 6. Maxillary molars of West Indian rice rats. A, Megalomys desmarestii (NHM 55.12.24.201). B, Megalomys luciae (NHM 53.12.16.2). C, Oligoryzomys victus (NHM 97.12.26.1). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 1. Map of the Windward and Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, showing the distribution of extinct rice rats in Holocene archaeological sites (black stars) and Late Quaternary palaeontological sites (open circles), and islands from which rice rat species have been formally described. The modern-day sea level and 200 m isobath are both indicated, to show locations of shallow submarine banks that would have been exposed above water during Late Quaternary low sea-level stands, and which may have shared conspecific rice rat populations. Data from Pregill et al. (1994), Crock (2000), Newsom & Wing (2004), and LeFebvre (2007).

Figure 3 in Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species

Figure 3. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of Megalomys skins. Top, Megalomys desmarestii (NHM 55.12.24.201); bottom, Megalomys luciae (NHM 53.12.16.2). Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIGURE 31 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 31. Distribution of Colocasiomyia pre-imagoes (eggs, larvae and puparia) over the spadix of inflorescence/ infructescence of host plant. A, Colocasiomyia cristata de Meijere on Alocasia alba Schott at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java; B, C. sulawesiana Okada & Yafuso on Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don in South Sulawesi; C, C. leucocasiae Toda, sp. nov. on Leucocasia gigantea (Blume) Schott at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java; D, C. sabahana Toda, sp. nov. on Alocasia scabriuscula N.E.Br. at the headquarters area of Kinabalu Park in Sabah.

FIGURE 32 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 32. Evolution of host-plant selection in the Colocasiomyia cristata species group, estimated parsimoniously by ACCTRAN and DELTRAN using PAUP* v4.0a168. ACCTRAN and DELTRAN estimated the same changes and/or acquirement of host-plant genera, which are shown on corresponding branches.

FIGURE 26 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 26. Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Okada) (♂ and ♀ from Menglun, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China). A, Dorsal portion of proboscis (caudal view); B, male abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); D, female terminalia (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 27 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 27. Colocasiomyia diconica (Toda & Okada) (♂ and ♀ from Taykoa, Bangkok, Thailand). A, Male abdominal sternites (ventral view); B, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, periphallic organs (lateral view); D, phallic organs (lateral view); E, ditto (ventral view); F, female terminalia (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 28 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 28. Colocasiomyia sumatrana Toda & Takano, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes). A, Male abdominal sternites (ventral view); B, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, periphallic organs (lateral view; inset: surstylus); D, phallic organs (lateral view); E, ditto (ventral view); F, female terminalia (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 29 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 29. Colocasiomyia leucocasiae Toda, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from Bogor, West Java, Indonesia). A, Wing anterodistal portion; B, male abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); D, periphallic organs (lateral view); E, phallic organs (lateral view); F, ditto (ventral view); G, female terminalia (lateral view); H, puparium (ventral habitus); I, caudal-most portion of puparium (ventral view); J, anterior spiracles of puparium (dorsal view); K, mouth hook; L, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A–G and L, 1.0 mm in H.

FIGURE 30 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 30. Flower-visiting and -breeding habits of Colocasiomyia cristata de Meijere on inflorescences/infructescences of Alocasia alba Schott at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java. A, Adult flies gathering in the pistillate (lower female-flowers) region of spadix at Stage II; B, adult flies crawling up from the pistillate to the staminate (upper male-flowers) region of spadix at Stage III and dusted with pollen grains; C, eggs laid between pistils; D, a developing infructescence at Stage V, with a hole at the top of spathal wall (indicated with arrowhead).

FIGURE 23 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 23. Colocasiomyia matthewsi Toda, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes). A, Male abdominal sternites (ventral view); B, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, periphallic organs (lateral view); D, phallic organs (lateral view); E, ditto (ventral view); F, female terminalia (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 24 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 24. Colocasiomyia sabahana Toda, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from the Park Headquarters area, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; C,E,G,K,M,O,Q) and C. sarawakana Toda & Yafuso, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; A,B,D,F,H–J,L,N,P,R). A, Proboscis (caudal view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, D, male abdominal sternites (ventral view); E, F, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); G, H, periphallic organs (lateral view); I, J, phallic organs (I, lateral view; J, ventral view); K, L, female terminalia (lateral view); M, N, puparium (ventral habitus); O, P, mouth hook; Q, R, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Arrowheads indicate diagnostic characters. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A, C–L, Q and R, 0.5 mm in B, 1.0 mm in M and N.

FIGURE 22 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 22. Colocasiomyia kotana Toda & Takano, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia). A, Male abdominal sternites (ventral view); B, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, periphallic organs (lateral view); D, phallic organs (lateral view); E, ditto (ventral view); F, female terminalia (lateral view); G, anterior spiracles of puparium (dorsal view); H, puparium (ventral habitus; inset: caudal-most portion); I, mouth hook; J, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A–F and J, 1.0 mm in H.

FIGURE 21 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 21. Colocasiomyia kinabaluana Toda & Takano, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia). A, Male abdominal sternites (ventral view); B, female abdominal sternites (ventral view); C, periphallic organs (lateral view); D, phallic organs (lateral view); E, ditto (ventral view); F, female terminalia (lateral view); G, oviscapt (lateral view); H, anterior spiracles of puparium (dorsal view); I, puparium (ventral habitus; inset: caudal-most portion); J, mouth hook; K, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A–G and K, 1.0 mm in I.