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4,489 results for “transitivity”
Dataset - What enabled the forest transition? A socio-ecological counterfactual assessment for Austria, 1830-1910
<p>This excel file contains data on forest change, food and energy provision, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, forestry and energy use in Austria 1830-1910, and assessments of five counterfactual scenarios in the absence of specific forest relief processes. The data were used to create figures 1a and b, 2a, b, c, and d, 3a, b, c, and d, and 4a and b in the manuscript "What enabled the forest transition? A socio-ecological counterfactual assessment for Austria, 1830-1910" submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles in July 2020 by Simone Gingrich, Christian Lauk, Fridolin Krausmann, Karl-Heinz Erb, Julia Le Noë.</p> <p> </p> <p>Dr. Simone Gingrich<br> Institute of Social Ecology (SEC)<br> Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo)</p> <p>University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)</p> <p><br> Post: Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria<br> Fon: <a>+43 1 47654-73724</a><br> Web: <a href="http://www.wiso.boku.ac.at/wiso/sec/">http://www.wiso.boku.ac.at/wiso/sec/</a></p>
Genomic tests of body plan transitions from bilateral to pentameric symmetry in Echinoderms
Echinoderms are an exceptional group in bilaterians in that they develop pentameral adult symmetry from a bilaterally symmetric larva. However, the genetic basis in evolution and development of this unique transformation remains to be clarified. Here we report newly sequenced genomes, developmental transcriptomes, and proteomes of diverse echinoderms including the green sea urchin (L. variegatus), a sea cucumber (A. japonicus), and with particular emphasis on progeny of the earliest-diverged deuterostome, the feather star (A. japonica). We learned that the last common ancestor of echinoderms retained a well-organized Hox cluster genes reminiscent of the hemichordate, and had gene sets involved in endoskeleton development. Further, unlike in other animal groups, the most conserved developmental stages was not at the body plan establishing phase, and genes normally involved in bilaterality appear to function in pentameral axes development. These results enhance our understanding of the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes almost 500 mya.
Synthetic soil crusts against green-desert transitions: a spatial model
<p>Semiarid ecosystems are threatened by global warming due to longer dehydration times and increasing soil degradation. Mounting evidences indicate that, given the current trends, drylands are likely to expand and possibly experience catastrophic shifts from vegetated to desert states. Here we explore a recent suggestion based on the concept of ecosystem terraformation, where a synthetic organism is used to counterbalance some of the nonlinear effects causing the presence of such tipping points. Using an explicit spatial model incorporating facilitation and considering a simplification of states found in semiarid ecosystems i.e., vegetation, fertile and desert soil, we investigate how engineered microorganisms can shape the fate of these ecosystems. Specifically, two different, but complementary, terraformation strategies are proposed: Cooperation-based: C-terraformation; and Dispersion-based: D-terraformation. The first strategy involves the use of soil synthetic microorganisms to introduce cooperative loops (facilitation) with the vegetation. The second one involves the introduction of engineered microorganisms improving their dispersal capacity, thus facilitating the transition from desert to fertile soil. We show that small modifications enhancing cooperative loops can effectively change the location of the critical transition found at increasing soil degradation rates, also identifying a stronger protection against soil degradation by using the D-terraformation strategy. The same results are found in a mean field model providing insights into the transitions and dynamics tied to these terraformation strategies. The potential consequences and extensions of these models are discussed.</p>
Effects of habitat transitions on rainforest bird communities across an anthropogenic landscape mosaic
<p>We compared bird community responses to the habitat transitions of: rainforest-to-pasture conversion, consequent habitat fragmentation, and post-agricultural regeneration, across a landscape mosaic of <span>about </span><span><span>600 km<sup><span>2</span></sup></span></span><span> in the eastern Australian subtropics. Birds were surveyed in seven habitats: continuous mature rainforest; two size-classes of mature rainforest fragment (4-21 ha, 1-3 ha); regrowth forest patches dominated by a non-native tree (2-20 ha, 30-50 years old); two types of isolated mature trees in pasture; and treeless pasture; with six sites per habitat. We compared the avifauna among habitats, and among sites, at the levels of species, functional guilds, and community-wide. Community-wide species richness and abundance of birds in pasture sites were about one-fifth and one-third, respectively, of their values in mature rainforest (irrespective of patch size). Many measured attributes changed progressively across a gradient of increased habitat simplification. Rainforest </span><span><span>specialists</span></span><span> became less common and less diverse with decreased habitat patch size and vegetation maturity. However, even rainforest fragments of 1-3 ha supported about half of these species. Forest generalist species were largely insensitive to patch size and successional stage. </span><span><span>Few</span></span><span> species reach</span>ed their greatest abundance in either small rainforest fragments or regrowth. All pastures were dominated by bird species whose typical native habitats were grassland, wetland and open eucalypt forest, while pasture trees modestly enhanced local bird communities. Overall, even small scattered patches of mature and regrowth forest contributed substantial bird diversity to local landscapes. Therefore, maximising the aggregate rainforest area is a useful regional conservation strategy.</p>
Genome-wide SNP analysis of Siamese cobra (Naja kaouthia) reveals the molecular basis of transitions between Z and W sex chromosomes and supports the presence of an ancestral super-sex chromosome in amniotes
<p>Elucidation of the process of sex chromosome differentiation is necessary to understand the dynamics of evolutionary mechanisms in organisms. The Siamese cobra (<i>Naja kaouthia</i>) exhibits ZZ/ZW heteromorphic sex chromosomes. The W sex chromosome contains a large number of repeats and shares several amniote sex chromosomal linkages. In conjunction with recent advances in high-throughput sequencing, Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTseq™) provides an effective approach to identify sex-specific loci that are epoch-making, to understand the dynamics of molecular transitions between the Z and W sex chromosomes in a snake lineage. From a total of 543 perfectly sex-linked loci, 90 loci showed partial homology with several amniote sex chromosomal linkages, and 89 loci were homologous to transposable elements, which suggests that recombination suppression may be the crucial step in snake sex chromosome differentiation. Two loci were confirmed as W-specific nucleotides in females but not in males in the population examined by PCR amplification; one of the two loci (locus id: 100002617) was further amplified in females of the Indochinese spitting cobra (<i>N. siamensis</i>) but not in the other 22 snake species examined. Female-specific DArT markers were identified in Siamese cobra. These loci might result from a sex chromosome differentiation process between Z and W and involve putative sex-determination regions in Siamese cobra. Short sequences derived from DArTseq™ technology also shared linkage homologies among amniote sex chromosomes, which supports the hypothesis of an ancestral super-sex chromosome with overlaps of partial sex chromosomal linkages. The locus (id: 100002617) shared in <i>N. kaouthia</i> and <i>N. siamensis</i>, but among 22 other snake species, indicates inheritance from a common ancestor as synapomorphic loci in the <i>Naja</i> lineage. The ease of use of the DArT markers and DArTseq™ platform provides a useful strategy for future research on sex chromosome evolution in snakes.</p>
Figure 8 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 8. Coenobita brevimanus, megalopa: (A–E) first to fifth pereiopods, respectively. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 9 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 9. The proportion of all surviving megalopae and juveniles of Coenobita brevimanus that were on land (○), the proportion carrying shells (Δ), the proportion without shells on land (×) and the proportion of animals found on land that were buried in the sand (●) (A, C), and numbers of megalopae (MG) and juveniles (C1 and C2, first and second crab stages) (B, D) in the two culture groups. (A, B) Megalopae could access land within 24 h after metamorphosing (group 1). (C, D) Megalopae could access land when they walked steadily while wearing shells (group 2). (D) The cumulative number of megalopae that transferred to land (dashed line) is also included for culture group 2.
Figure 6 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 6. Coenobita brevimanus, fourth zoea: (A) antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandibles; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) first maxilliped; (G) second maxilliped; (H) third maxilliped; (I) telson; (J) pleopod. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E–J) or 50 μm (D).
Coupled magnetic and structural phase transitions in antiferromagnetic polar metal Pb2CoOsO6 under pressure
<p>This data repo. includes the optimized structures of Pb2CoOsO6 under pressures up to 9 GPa. The structures were fully optimized in the DFT calculations using VASP code. </p>
Transit time constrained Canad instances
<p>Transit time constrained adaptations of the Canad instances by A. Frangioni (2012), used in the paper " On Transit Time Constrained Fixed Charge Multi-commodity Flow Problems". Each instance starts with three numbers (N,A,K), representing the number of nodes, arcs and commodities in the instance, respectively. Then follows A lines describing the arcs and K lines describing the commodities. The lines for arcs contain 6 numbers representing, in order: the start node, the end node, the unit flow cost, the capacity, the fixed charge, and the sail time. The lines for commodities contain 4 lines: the start node, the end node, quantity and the transit time. Transit times are at a base level and should be scaled up depending on how tight time constraints one wants. In the paper, mostly a factor of 1.2 was used.</p> <p> </p> <p>The original instances can be found at: http://groups.di.unipi.it/optimize/Data/MMCF.html [25 sep 2020]</p> <p> </p>
Inselberg, taxa, environment data for Inselberg floristics exemplify coast to inland OCBIL transition in a global diversity hotspot
<p>We examined floristics of granitoid inselbergs in the hitherto poorly documented southeastern region of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and adjacent Great Western Woodlands, addressing several hypotheses of OCBIL theory. We found exceptional taxon richness (1,550 taxa on 89 inselbergs, with 58 well-sampled inselbergs and 1493 taxa chosen for detailed analyses). Granite inselberg endemism declines towards the arid inland, though taxon richness does not. OCBILs are likely found up to 500 km inland, not ca. 300 km as previously hypothesized. Hybrids are extremely rare on the 58 inselbergs analysed, whereas rare species, including singletons, are abundant. Conversely, exotic weeds are less common than in the whole SWAFR flora (8.2% vs 12.8%). Granite plant communities are distributed in parallel bands to the south coast, approximating the general transition from the Esperance and Boylya Floristic Districts across the SWAFR boundary north into the Arid Zone's Great Western Woodlands. Positive correlations exist between several plant life forms and inselberg area, save for geophytes. There is a decrease from the coast inland for most life forms, except for annual and graminoid herbs that increase in taxa inland. Thus, inselberg floristics exemplify the coast-to-inland OCBIL transition in this global biodiversity hotspot.</p>
Nocturnal bees feed on diurnal leftovers and pay the price of day–night lifestyle transition
<p>Bees exemplify flights under bright sunlight. A few species across bee families have evolved nocturnality, displaying remarkable adaptations to overcome limitations of their daylight-suited apposition eyes. Phase inversion to nocturnality in a minority of bees that co-exist with diurnal bees provide a unique opportunity to study ecological benefits that mediate total temporal niche shifts. While floral traits and sensory modalities associated with the evolution of classical nocturnal pollination syndromes, e.g. by bats and moths, are well-studied, nocturnality in bees represent a poorly understood, recently invaded, extreme niche.To test the competitive release hypothesis, we examine how nocturnality shapes foraging by comparing pollen loads, nest pollen and flower visitation of sympatric nocturnal and diurnal carpenter bees. We predicted that nocturnal bees primarily use night-blooming flowers, show little/no resource overlap with diurnal species and competitive release favours night-time pollen collection for provisioning. Contrarily, we found substantial resource overlap between nocturnal and diurnal bees. Flower opening times, floral longevity and plant abundance did not define nocturnal flower use. Smaller pollen loads on nocturnal foragers suggests subsistence on resource leftovers largely from diurnal flowers. Greater pollen types/diversity on nocturnal foragers indicates lower floral constancy compared to diurnal congenerics. Reduced activity during new moon compared to full moon suggests constraints to nocturnal foraging.Invasion and sustenance within the nocturnal niche is characterised by: i) <i>opportunistic foraging</i> on residual resources as indicated by smaller pollen loads, extensive utilisation of day-blooming flowers and substantial overlap with diurnal bees, ii) <i>generalisation at two levels</i> – between and within foraging trips as indicated by lower floral constancy, iii)r<i>educed foraging on darker nights</i>, indicating visual constraints despite sensitive optics. This together with smaller populations and univoltine breeding in nocturnal compared to multivoltine diurnal counterparts, suggest that nocturnality imposes substantial fitness costs. In conclusion, the evolution of nocturnality in bees is accompanied by resource generalisation instead of specialisation. Reduced floral constancy suggests differences in foraging strategies of nocturnal and diurnal bees which merits further investigation. The relative roles of competition, floral rewards and predators should be examined to fully understand the evolution and maintenance of nocturnality in bees.</p>
Figs 667–681. Papuan Maechidius Macleay, 1819 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 667–681. Papuan Maechidius Macleay, 1819, aedeagus, different aspects. 667– 669. M. miklouhomaclayi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMB). 670–672. M. milneanus Heller, 1914, ♂ (SNSD). 673–675. M. muticus Arrow, 1941, syntype, ♂ (BMNH). 676–678. M. nanus Arrow, 1941, syntype, ♂ (BMNH). 679-681. M. nepenthephilus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NME). Not to scale.
Figs 697–711 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 697–711. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, aedeagus, different aspects. 697– 699. M. popei (Frey, 1969) comb. nov., paratype, ♂ (BMNH?). 700–702. M. riedeli sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (SMNS). 703–705. M. rugicollis Moser, 1920, ♂ (NHMB). 706–708. M. seriegranosus Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 709–711. M. similis sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (BMNH). Not to scale.
Figs 682–696 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 682–696. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, aedeagus, different aspects. 682– 684. M. owenstanleyi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 685–687. M. pauxillus Heller, 1910 comb. rest., ♂ (BMNH). 688–690. M. pedarioides Arrow, 1941, syntype, ♂ (BMNH). 691–693. M. peregrinus Lansberge, 1886, ♂ (DTC). 694-696. M. perlatus (Frey, 1969) comb. nov., ♂ (SMNS). Not to scale.
Figs 436–450 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 436–450. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, legs, various views. 436. M. hirtipes Arrow, 1941, lectotype, ♂, basal metatarsomere (BMNH). 437. M. tarsalis Arrow, 1941, lectotype, ♂, basal metatarsomere (BMNH). 438. M. babyrousa sp. nov., paratype, ♀, metatibial terminal spurs (BMNH). 439. Same, paratype, ♂ (BMNH). 440. Same, different aspect (BMNH). 441. M. yamdena sp. nov., paratype, ♀, metatibial terminal spurs (BMNH). 442. Same, paratype, ♂ (BMNH). 443. M. longipes sp. nov., holotype, ♂, metatibial terminal spurs (BMNH). 444. M. ursus sp. nov., holotype, ♀, left metatibia and basal metatarsomere (NME). 445. M. dani sp. nov., holotype, ♂, apical portion of metatibia (IECA). 446. M. skalei sp. nov., holotype, ♂, apical portion of metatibia and basal metatarsomere (NME). 447. M. yamdena sp. nov., paratype, ♂, protibial terminal spur (BMNH). 448. Same, paratype, ♀ (BMNH). 449. M. babyrousa sp. nov., paratype, ♀, protibial terminal spur (BMNH). 450. Same, paratype, ♂ (BMNH). Not to scale.
Figs 333–348 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 333–348. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, elytron, dorsal view. 333. M. pauxillus Heller, 1910 comb. rest., lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 334. M. pedarioides Arrow, 1941, syntype, ♂ (BMNH). 335. M. peregrinus Lansberge, 1886, ♂ (DTC). 336. M. popei (Frey, 1969) comb. nov., holotype, ♀ (BMNH). 337. M. perlatus (Frey, 1969) comb. nov., ♂ (SMNS). 338. Same, enlarged (SMNS). 339. M. riedeli sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (SMNS). 340. M. rugicollis Moser, 1920, lectotype, ♀ (ZMHB). 341. M. seriegranosus Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 342. M. seriepunctatus Moser, 1920, lectotype, ♂ (ZMHB). 343. M. similis sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (BMNH). 344. M. skalei sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NME). 345. M. sougb sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NME). 346. M. speciosus (Frey, 1969) comb. nov., ♀ (BMNH). 347. M. sturnus Arrow, 1941, holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 348. M. subcostatus Heller, 1895, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). Not to scale.
Figs 424–435 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 424–435. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, protibia, dorsal view (424–428), and abdominal ventrites (429–435), ventral and lateral views. 424. M. ursus sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (NME). 425. M. vicinus Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♀ (SNSD). 426. M. weigeli sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NME). 427. M. woodlarkianus Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♀ (SNSD). 428. M. yamdena sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (BMNH). 429. M. dani sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IECA). 430. Same, different aspect (IECA). 431. M. hamatus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IECA). 432. Same, different aspect (IECA). 433. M. sturnus Arrow, 1941, holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 434. M. subcostatus Heller, 1895, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 435. M. tarsalis Arrow, 1941, lectotype, ♂ (BMNH). Not to scale.
Figs 302–316 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 302–316. Papuan, Wallacean and Oriental Maechidius Macleay, 1819, elytron, dorsal view. 302. M. dendrolagus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMB). 303. M. esau Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 304. M. fraterculus Moser, 1920, lectotype, ♀ (ZMHB). 305. M. hamatus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IECA). 306. M. heterosquamosus Heller, 1910 comb. rest., lectotype, ♀ (SNSD). 307. M. hirtipes Arrow, 1941, lectotype, ♂ (BMNH). 308. M. humeralis Heller, 1914, lectotype, ♂ (SNSD). 309. M. interruptocarinulatus Heller, 1914, holotype, ♀ (SNSD). 310. M. jobiensis Moser, 1920, lectotype, ♂ (ZMHB). 311. M. kazantsevi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 312. Same, enlarged. 313. M. konjo sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NMPC). 314. M. lapsus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 315. M. legalovi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BMNH). 316. M. leucopsar sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IECA). Not to scale.
Figs 739–750 in A revision of the Maechidiini Burmeister, 1855 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Indo-Australian transition zone, and the first record of the tribe west of Wallace's Line
Figs 739–750. Papuan and Wallacean Maechidius Macleay, 1819, aedeagus, different aspects. 739– 741. M. weigeli sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NME). 742–744. M. woodlarkianus Heller, 1914, ♂ (SNSD). 745–747. M. yamdena sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (BMNH). 748–750. M. paupianus Heller, 1910 (paratype ♂ of M. arrowi Frey, 1969) (BMNH). Not to scale.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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