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1,337 results for “Antarctica”
Data: Contrasting current and future surface melt rates on the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica: lessons from in situ observations and climate models
<p>These data accompany the publication "Contrasting current and future surface melt rates on the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica: lessons from in situ observations and climate models". The data are organized as follows:</p> <p>- two files with time series (csv) of hourly near-surface climate and surface energy balance values for Neumayer station (ice shelf, East Antarctic ice sheet) and automatic weather station S5 (southwest Greenland ice sheet)</p> <p>- two files (nc) with monthly melt fields from the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 forced by ERA5 over Greenland (0.05-degree resolution) and Antarctica (0.25-degree resolution)</p> <p>- two files (nc) with annual melt fields from the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 forced by CESM2 over Greenland (0.1-degree resolution) and Antarctica (0.25-degree resolution) or the historical period (1950-2014)</p> <p>- two files (nc) with annual melt fields from the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 forced by CESM2 over Greenland (0.1-degree resolution) and Antarctica (0.25-degree resolution) for the future emission scenario SSP5-8.5 (2015-2099)</p>
Data set: Monthly averaged RACMO2.3p2 variables (1979-2022); Antarctica
<p>This is a data set of monthly averaged variables from January 1979 to December 2022 simulated by the hydrostatic regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2.3p2 over Antarctica. At the lateral and ocean boundaries the model is forced by ERA5 reanalysis data every 3 hours from 1979-2022. The model is run at a horizontal resolution of 27 km and 40 vertical levels for the entire Antarctic ice sheet, which constitutes an update of the simulation forced from 1979-2018 by ERA-Interim reported in van Wessem et al., 2018. Upper air relaxation of wind, humidity and temperature is also active (Van de Berg et al., 2016).<br> <br> This version of the model is specifically applied to the polar regions by interactive coupling to a multilayer snow model that calculates melt, refreezing, percolation and runoff of meltwater (Ettema et al., 2010). In addition, snow albedo is calculated through a prognostic scheme for snow grain size (Kuipers Munneke et al., 2011) while a drifting snow scheme simulates the interaction of the near-surface air with drifting snow (Lenaerts et al., 2010). </p> <p>This dataset is provided on a rotated polar coordinate grid. In such a rotated pole projection the grid is defined over the equator and then rotated to the area of interest. One of the advantages is that the grid distance can be defined in fraction of degrees, which results in near equidistant grid cells as long as the domain is small enough, and provides the most accurate model calculations. However, re-projecting these data on other grids is often troublesome, as after rotation the grid is non-equidistant and most software packages cannot directly handle this. Stef Lhermitte provided a nice solution for reprojecting the RACMO data on his gitlab-page: https://gitlab.tudelft.nl/slhermitte/manuals/blob/master/RACMO_reproject.md.</p> <p>The dataset includes the following surface- and atmospheric variables. Additional variables and higher temporal resolutuon up to 3 hourly are available on request:</p> <p><strong>Surface mass balance (SMB) variables (in kg m<sup>-2 </sup>mo<sup>-1</sup> or mm water equivalent mo<sup>-1</sup>)</strong><br> smb : (Specific) Surface mass balance defined as SMB = Total precipitation + sublimation - runoff<br> snowmelt : Surface snowmelt production<br> refreeze : Refreezing of meltwater<br> snowfall : Solid precipitation<br> precip : Total precipitation (snowfall + rainfall); to calculate rainfall use rainfall = precip - snowfall<br> runoff : Surface meltwater runoff<br> subl : Snow sublimation (including sublimation of drifting snow). Negative values are sublimation, positive values are snow deposition.<br> erds : erosion of drifting snow</p> <p><strong>Atmospheric variables </strong><br> t2m : 2-m Temperature<br> q2m : 2-m Specific humidity<br> rh2m : 2-m Relative humidity (RH)<br> tskin : Surface/skin temperature. Calculated from closing the surface energy budget.<br> psurf : Surface pressure<br> u10m : Zonal wind speed at 10 m<br> v10m : Meridional wind speed at 10 m<br> ff10m : Wind speed at 10 m<br> u0500 : Zonal wind speed at 500 hPa<br> v0500 : Meridional wind speed at 500 hPa<br> z0500 : Geopotential height at 500 hPa</p> <p><strong>Surface Energy Budget (SEB) variables (in J m<sup>-2</sup>); SEB = LWnet+SWnet+SHF+LHF+GHF</strong><br> Values are monthly cumulative: to convert to W m<sup>-2</sup> divide by amount of seconds in a month: 'nrdaysmonth'*24*3600.<br> lwsn : Net longwave radiation (LWnet=LWdown-LWup)<br> swsn : Net shortwave radiation (SWnet=SWdown-SWup)<br> lwsd : Downwelling longwave radiation at the surface<br> swsd : Downwelling shortwave radiation at the surface<br> swsu : Upwelling shortwave radiation at the surface<br> senf : Upward Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) at the surface<br> latf : Upward Latent Heat Flux (LHF) at the surface (our simulated LHF doesn't explicitly close the SEB, as it also includes in-air sublimation, but the effect should be rougly neglible)<br> gbot : Soil/Ground Heat Flux (GHF)</p> <p><strong>Snow variables</strong></p> <p>totpore : Vertically integrated pore space (m)<br> totwat : Total liquid water content of the snowpack (kg m<sup>-2</sup>)<br> zsnow : Total snowpack thickness (m)</p> <p><strong>Grid, elevation, coordinates and masks in <em>Height_latlon_ANT27.nc</em> (240 by 262 grid boxes)</strong></p> <p>mask2d : Full ice mask fraction (grounded ice + floating ice shelves) [0..1]<br> maskgrounded2d : Grounded ice sheet mask fraction [0..1]<br> height : Surface elevation (m)<br> slope : Surface slope (m m<sup>-1</sup>)<br> aspect : Direction of surface slope (degrees)<br> lat : Latitude (polar)<br> lon : Longitude (polar)</p> <p><strong>Ice shelf and ice sheet drainage basins mask in <em>TotIS_RACMO_ANT27_IMBIE2.nc</em></strong></p> <p>This file contains masks on the RACMO grid for the drainage basins as defined in <a href="http://imbie.org/imbie-3/drainage-basins/">http://imbie.org/imbie-3/drainage-basins/</a> (Rignot et al., 2013, IMBIE2, IMBIE3), including masks seperately for the ice shelves they drain into, numbered counterclockwise from 0 to 18.</p> <p>mask2dF : Full ice mask including ice shelves<br> IceShelves : Ice shelf masks<br> GroundedIce : Grounded ice sheet drainage basins</p>
BISICLES ice-sheet model for the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica : ensemble simulations to 2050
<p>BISICLES ice-sheet model simulations for the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Full details of the model set-up and ensemble design are described in the attached manuscript which has been accepted for publication in Journal of Glaciology.<br> In brief, a 213-member ensemble of simulations was created by varying four different model parameters. The parameters are the u0 value in a regularised Coulomb friction law, the rate of imposed thinning of floating ice (∂h/∂t(Ωf)), and scaling factors for sliding and viscosity coefficients (<em>C</em> and ϕ) between 0.9 and 1.1. We attach a summary text file of results, as well as NetCDF files of simulated variables land ice thickness and u and v components of velocity.<br> <strong>ASE2050_bisicles.csv </strong>contains annual (2007 to 2050, columns 5 to 48) sea level equivalent (mm) mass losses of ice from the Pine Island and Thwaites Glacier catchment basins. The parameters, given in columns 1 to 4, respectively, are the u0 (m/a), the rate of imposed thinning of floating ice (m/a), and the scaling factors for sliding and viscosity coefficients.<br> The NetCDF files in <strong>ASE_BISICLES.tar.gz</strong> contain annual (2007 to 2050) simulated output variables for the Amundsen Sea region at a spatial resolution of 1 km, with one file per ensemble member. The variables follow the ISMIP6 naming protocol:<br> (https://www.climate-cryosphere.org/wiki/index.php?title=ISMIP6-Projections-Antarctica#A2.3_Model_output_variables_and_README_file).<br> We include state variables lithk, uvelmean, and vvelmean. Each file is named according to the variable, the simulation parameters, and the resultant 2050 SLE value of ice loss (mm). For example, <strong>lithk_ASE_BISICLES.uj_20.dhfdt_5.C_0.90.phi_0.90.slr_43.06.nc </strong>is the land ice thickness data for simulation u0=20 m/a, ∂h/∂t(Ωf) = 5 m/a, C scaled by 0.9, ϕ scaled by 0.9, and a final SLE of 43.06 mm.</p> <p> </p>
Subglacial valleys and ridges of Highland A, East Antarctica
<p>This dataset contains 3 GIS shapefiles which delineate a landscape buried beneath the ice in East Antarctica. The files are: PlateauBoundaries (a polygon shapefile outlining the extent of 3 blocks of ancient land surface), RADARSATRidges (a line shapefile delineating inferred mountain ridgelines inside each block of ancient landsurface), and RADARSATValleys (a line shapefile delineating inferred valley thalwegs inside each block of ancient landsurface). The landscape was mapped from RADARSAT satellite data of the surface of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. This dataset links to a 2023 paper by the same authors entitled 'An ancient river landscape preserved beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet'.</p>
Ground surface temperature data 2007-2021 at different sites of the PERMATHERMAL monitoring network in Livingston and Deception Islands, SouthShetland Archipelago, Antarctica.
<p>Ground Surface Temperature (GST) corrected data adquired between 2007 and 2021 at different stations of the PERMATHERMAL monitoring network at Livingston and Deception Islands, South Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica.</p> <p>(To be completed)</p>
Stream descriptions, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2023, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, a systematic sampling program has been undertaken to monitor the the glacial meltwater streams in the region. Measurements are regularly made to examine water quality and quantity, as well as chemical and biological properties. The stream descriptions table serves as an index of the streams that have been studied. It documents the streams' basins and lengths, and provides a brief desciption of the landscape in which the streams are found.
Video footage of December 2018 rain event at Lake Fryxell Camp, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
This data package consists of video footage of a rare rain event that occurred in the Fryxell and Hoare Basins of Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica, on December 21, 2018. Footage was captured at 0600 NZDT at Lake Fryxell camp by Laura Smarrito, a Leidos contract carpenter. Permission was granted to publish this footage for the purposes of obtaining a DOI to properly cite this occurence in a scientific manuscript under revision by JE Barrett et al. Please properly cite this data package according to the suggested citation format anytime this footage is referenced and/or used.
Glacier snow depth measurements, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2023, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, a systematic sampling program has been undertaken to monitor glacial mass balance and meltwater flow. This data package includes snow depth measurements to the surface of six glaciers (Canada, Commonwealth, Hughes, Suess, Howard, and Taylor) in Taylor Valley and one glacier (Adams) in Miers Valley, all of which are located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Most measurements began during the 93-94 field season. Adams measurements were established during the 14-15 field season. Measurements are ongoing except at Hughes and Suess Glaciers where monitoring ceased following the 08-09 field season. Monitoring the changes in these measurements over time provides a record of mass balance, and aids in determining the role of glaciers in the polar hydrologic cycle.
Snowpit chemistry from Canada, Commonwealth, and Rhone Glaciers, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during the 2000-2001 austral summer
To examine temporal and spatial variability in snow chemistry during the 2000-2001 austral summer, snow samples were collected from the accumulation zones of Canada, Commonwealth, and Rhone Glaciers, located in Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. Snowpits were excavated to a depth of 2 meters at each location and samples were collected using a depth interval of 3 cm utilizing clean sampling techniques. Snow density was measured in the field at the time of sample collection. Samples were analyzed for major ions in the Crary Lab at McMurdo Station.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in glacial meltwater streams, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1990-2023, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, a systematic aqueous geochemical sampling program has been undertaken. A series of terrestrial water samples have been collected and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon levels. This dataset shows concentrations of dissolved organic carbon found in various streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
Soil geochemistry and microbial community data from glaciated and potential glacial refugia sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2019)
A study was conducted to examine soil microbial communities and associated geochemical parameters at potential glacial refugia and glaciated control sites throughout the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. Soil samples were collected as part of ongoing long-term monitoring efforts by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program (MCM LTER). The oldest samples used in this study were collected during the 1993-1994 austral summer, and the newest from the 2018-2019 austral summer. "Refugia" sites were selected based on geographical positions and elevations indicative of potential glacial refugia status. Each refugia site was paired with a lower elevation "glaciated" site in the same dry valley that was not likely to have functioned as a refugium. Six replicate soils per sampling site were sequenced with 16S primers following Earth Microbiome Project protocols, filtered using the DADA2 pipeline, and clustered to amplicon sequence variant using the SILVA reference database to generate the microbial classification table included herein. Soil samples were also analyzed for various geochemical parameters as part of this study, which include P, K, NO3-, gravimetric water content, percent organic matter, pH, and electroconductivity.
Mitochondrial COXI sequences and associated metazoan abundances in soils collected from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica from 1995 to 2022
As part of an ongoing long-term sampling effort conducted by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, the top 10 cm of soil was collected from sampling sites across the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. A subset of these samples representing each valley and a differing disturbance legacy from the last glacial maximum were analyzed for this data package. Samples were collected between 1995 and 2022. In each sample, the abundances of three genera of nematodes (Scottnema, Eudorylaimus, and Plectus), tardigrades, and rotifers were calculated. Following metazoan extractions, individual Scottnema lindsayae were selected for mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) Sanger dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 249 assembled sequences of 285 base pairs after alignment and trimming.
Hyperspectral reflectance values and biophysicochemical properties of biocrusts and soils in the Fryxell Basin, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2019)
This data package includes ecological parameters of biocrust and soil from samples collected in-situ within the Lake Fryxell Basin of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during December of 2019. Parameters include biological (ash-free dry mass, pigment concentration, and counts of soil invertebrates), physical (water content, electrical conductivity, and pH), and chemical properties (inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorous, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon) of the surface soil, biocrust, and underlying soil. This data package also contains reflectance measurements of biocrust, soil, and granite samples acquired in a laboratory using a hyperspectral spectrometer. Included are hyperspectral reflectance measurements of a laboratory study using a variety of mixtures of soil and biocrust (0 – 100% biocrust), as well as reflectance measurements of individual grab samples collected from each of the field plots. These data aid our understanding of the ecological structure and functioning of biocrust microhabitats as well as the location of these communities throughout the Lake Fryxell Basin. This work also aims to assist in understanding the carbon budget of the basin and highlight the importance of these snowpack-fed biocrust communities, which are understudied but likely an important piece of the overall carbon budget in this region.
Biophysicochemical properties and hyperspectral reflectance values of biocrust and soil samples, Fryxell Basin, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2022)
This data package includes biophysicochemical properties of biocrust and soil samples collected in-situ within the Lake Fryxell basin of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during December 2022 at 64 different terrestrial locations. These parameters include biological (ash-free dry mass, pigment concentration, soil invertebrate counts), physical (gravimetric water content, electrical conductivity, pH), and chemical (inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorous, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon) properties of the surface soil, biocrust, and underlying soil. This package also contains reflectance measurements of individual grab samples of biocrust, soil, and rock collected from each of the field sites, acquired in a laboratory using a hyperspectral spectrometer. Additionally, this package contains parameters derived solely from geospatial data for each of the field sites, including aspect, slope, elevation, gravimetric water content, and snow frequency. These data were used to model habitat suitability of biocrusts in the Fryxell Basin using both in-situ field survey data and geospatial parameters. They aid in our understanding of the ecology of biocrust communities, where they are located throughout the Fryxell basin, and the structure and functioning of these microhabitats as well as improving understanding of the regional carbon budget. These data also highlight the importance of snow patch-associated biocrust communities, which are understudied but likely an important piece of the overall carbon budget in this region.
Biophysicochemical properties, pigment concentrations, and nif gene counts of microbial mats and soils from Taylor and Beacon Valleys, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2019-2020)
This data package includes biophysicochemical properties, pigment concentrations, and nif gene counts from microbial mat and soil samples collected from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica during the 2019-20 austral summer. Specifically, data include physicochemical properties of the collected soils (gravimetric water content, pH, electrical conductivity, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorous, sulfate, chloride, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen), biological properties of the microbial mats (ash-free dry mass and pigment concentrations – scytonemin, scytonemin-red, myxoxanthophyll, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, echinenone), and nif gene counts (overall nif and nifH) of the soils and microbial mats. These data were collected to infer the functioning and nitrogen cycling abilities of microbial mat and soil communities from areas of differing landscape histories and geochemical legacies (Ross and Taylor tills in the Taylor Valley, and Beacon Cirque in Beacon Valley).
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: High frequency, 1-min pressure measurements of continuous stage (lake level) and ice surface ablation from Lake Hoare, Antarctica from 2012-2016
As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program, continuous stage (lake level) and ice surface ablation were collected at Lake Hoare, located in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. This package contains data measured at 1-minute intervals from Nov 2012 to Apr 2013, Nov 2013 to Feb 2014, and Nov 2014 to Oct 2016.
Stream algal transect locations, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993-2023, ongoing)
As part of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, a systematic sampling program has been undertaken to monitor the abundance and species distribution of algal mats in glacial meltwater streams of that region. The transect locations table documents specific locations where such work has been performed.
Pulse-Press Project (P3): Continuous soil temperature and volumetric water content (VWC) measurements, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2012-2021, ongoing)
Climate warming in polar regions is associated with thawing of permafrost, resulting in significant changes in soil hydrology, biogeochemical cycling, and in the activity and composition of soil communities. While ongoing directional climate warming presses can elicit such responses over decadal time scales, their manifestation typically occurs as discrete thawing pulses. Indeed, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, abrupt changes in community structure and biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems following a summer warming event (Jan. 2002) exceeded the influences of a decadal cooling trend in both magnitude and rate of response. Thus, we anticipate that climate-mediated permafrost changes and their associated impacts on soil communities and biogeochemical cycles may occur over seasonal time scales. The Pulse-Press Project (P3) experiment was established in 2012 as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program to investigate impacts of seasonal wetting on ecosystem structure and functioning by simulating different frequencies of permafrost thawing events in Antarctic permafrost soils. Since the top horizons of most Antarctic soils are dry permafrost (i.e., there is insufficient water content to generate ice-cement), with ice-cement or massive ice typically below 30 cm, permafrost thawing events are likely to result in subsurface movements of water that may manifest as groundwater seeps down gradient. The P3 experiment consists of three permanent plots situated on the south-facing hillslope above Many Glaciers Pond in Taylor Valley. Each plot is 15 m by 7.5 m with a trench on the upslope end that is used for experimental wetting events. The Press plot receives water every austral summer, the Pulse plot receives water every other austral summer, and the Control plot never receives water, serving as the ambient treament. Each plot is instrumented with a network of soil moisture and temperature sensors, positioned
Continuous soil temperature, specific conductance, and volumetric water content measurements from the F6 Active Layer Monitoring Station (ALMS01), McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2014-2021, ongoing)
As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, five Active Layer Monitoring Stations (ALMSs) were established throughout Taylor Valley, Antarctica to support new research foci around the thermal-moisture dynamics of soils that may control habitat conditions and faunal responses to seasonal and annual freezing cycles in this ecosystem. Two ALMSs were established adjacent to streams (Green Creek, Von Guerard Stream), with sensors installed through the active layer from the thalweg out to the shoreline and dry soil beyond. Two ALMSs were similarly established adjacent to water tracks (Wormherder Creek, Water Track B) that are zero-order drainages of snow and ice melt that rarely have surface flow. The remaining station was established in dry soil (F6) to serve as an ambient control. ALMSs measure soil temperature, soil moisture (as volumetric water content; VWC), and specific conductance (as electrical conductivity; EC) through the active layer (soil surface down to the frost table) at several locations from the water’s edge to dry soils. This data package contains measurements from the Active Layer Monitoring Station at F6 (ALMS01), located on the south shore of Lake Fryxell.
Continuous soil temperature, specific conductance, and volumetric water content measurements from the Wormherder Creek Active Layer Monitoring Station (ALMS02), McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2014-2021, ongoing)
As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, five Active Layer Monitoring Stations (ALMSs) were established throughout Taylor Valley, Antarctica to support new research foci around the thermal-moisture dynamics of soils that may control habitat conditions and faunal responses to seasonal and annual freezing cycles in this ecosystem. Two ALMSs were established adjacent to streams (Green Creek, Von Guerard Stream), with sensors installed through the active layer from the thalweg out to the shoreline and dry soil beyond. Two ALMSs were similarly established adjacent to water tracks (Wormherder Creek, Water Track B) that are zero-order drainages of snow and ice melt that rarely have surface flow. The remaining station was established in dry soil (F6) to serve as an ambient control. ALMSs measure soil temperature, soil moisture (as volumetric water content; VWC), and specific conductance (as electrical conductivity; EC) through the active layer (soil surface down to the frost table) at several locations from the water’s edge to dry soils. This data package contains measurements from the Active Layer Monitoring Station at Wormherder Creek (ALMS02).
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