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201
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Dataset results
201 results for “Arum”
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime (BR0000011301806)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum maculatum L. (BR0000011302698)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum maculatum L. (BR0000011302759)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum maculatum L. (BR0000005395774)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime (BR0000012263127)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime (BR0000012263110)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. (BR0000012263103)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime (BR0000009307650)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. (BR0000011301486)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. (BR0000011302148)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum (BR0000009307612)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. (BR0000011302162)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Arum italicum Mill. (BR0000021325106)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Subtle ecophysiological divergences in a deceptive strategy to attract pollinators in two sympatric Arum
<p>Most Angiosperms rely on insect pollinators for their reproduction, implying the evolution of attractive signals. While most plants reward their pollinators, others use a deceptive method where no direct benefit is offered to pollinators. Integrative approaches are mandatory to comprehend the evolution of deceptive strategies, by combining the co-variations in different floral traits and the behavior of the insects. However, they were rarely applied to compare species competing for the same pollinators. We applied an ecophysiological approach to compare floral traits – scent and thermogenesis – in two deceptive sympatric arums (<em>Arum maculatum</em> and <em>Arum italicum</em>) that are pollinated mainly by<em> Psychoda</em> moth flies. We tested the hypothesis that floral traits diverged between the two arums to minimize their interference as they attract locally the same insects. We measured the thermogenesis sequence of both species in their natural environment and volatile organic compounds were analyzed. As expected, the two arums displayed a similar thermogenesis sequence. However, the main thermogenesis peak, which is actively involved in pollinator attraction was warmer in <em>A. italicum </em>and it happened earlier during the day for <em>A. maculatum</em>. For scents, we confirmed a strong differentiation between the two arums when they co-occur. Then, we determined the effect of the different scents on the activity level of their main moth fly pollinator (<em>Psychoda sigma</em>) at our study site to reveal that the odor of <em>A. maculatum</em> tended to stimulate the insect activity more than the odor of <em>A. italicum</em>. This moth fly is nocturnal and therefore <em>A. maculatum</em>, which flowers right before nighttime may need to overstimulate the insect activity to get visited. Our integrative approach highlights that the two sympatric arums have slightly shifted daily phenologies, which implied a fine-tune variation in the attractive volatiles and the thermogenesis sequence in relation to the behavior of the pollinating moth fly. Our results suggest that a tradeoff may exist between odor specificity and the ability to maximize volatile emission. These findings show how evolutionarily close species living in sympatry can diverge finely to lower competing interference and attract the same pollinators.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)
FIGURE 2. Ultrastructure of Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. A. Cross section of parasitic filaments with thick cell wall containing endospores. B. Detail of an endospore with parietal chloroplast and large extraplastidial oil droplet. C. Autosporangium with autospores inside. Note the autospore released by rupture of autosporangial cell wall, strain CAUP H8803. D. Detail of chlorelloid cell with mitochondria, plastid containing plastoglobuli and starch grains, and extraplastidial oil droplet, strain CAUP H8803. Abbreviations: c, chloroplast; cw, cell wall; m, mitochondria; n, nucleus; o, oil droplet; s, starch grain. Scale bars: 0.5 μm (A–B, D), 2 μm (C).
FIGURE 4 in Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)
FIGURE 4. Bayesian analysis of Trebouxiophyceae based on the rbcL dataset. Numbers at nodes indicate statistical support (BPP> 0.95/ ML> 50 %/MP> 50 %). Thick branches represent nodes receiving the highest BPP support (1.00). The sequences newly acquired in this study are shown in bold. The scale bar shows the estimated number of substitutions per site.
FIGURE 1 in Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)
FIGURE 1. Morphology of Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. A–B. A leaf of Arum at different stages of infection caused by Phyllosiphon ari. C. Branching filaments in the leaf parenchyma containing endospores. D. Detail of P. ari endospores released from filaments. E. Autosporangium of P. ari, strain N8. F. Vegetative cells with a remnant of the mother cell wall, strain N8. G. Vegetative cell and two-celled autosporangium, strain N8. H. Four-celled autosporangium, strain KRK-12. I. Vegetative cell with a detail of an ornamented cell wall, strain N5. J. Vegetative cells, strain N5. K. Vegetative cells, strain N6. L. Four-celled autosporangium, vegetative cells and autospore, strain N6. Scale bars: 1 cm (A–B), 20 μm (C), 5 μm (D–L).
FIGURE 3 in Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)
FIGURE 3. Bayesian analysis of Trebouxiophyceae based on the 18S rDNA dataset. Numbers at nodes indicate statistical support (BPP> 0.95/ML> 50 %/MP> 50 %). Thick branches represent nodes receiving the highest BPP support (1.00). The sequences newly acquired in this study are shown in bold. The scale bar shows the estimated number of substitutions per site.
FIGURE 2 in Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Arum dracunculus (Araceae)
FIGURE 2. Lectotype of Arum dracunculus, Herb. A. van Royen No. 898.88-457 (barcode L 0052742). Herbarium L, reproduced with permission.
FIGURE 4 in Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Arum dracunculus (Araceae)
FIGURE 4. Probable Linnaeus's original material of Arum dracunculus, Herb. A. van Royen No. 898.88-461 (barcode L 0221726). Herbarium L, reproduced with permission.
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