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FIGURES 24‒35 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 24‒35. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus from the dorsal aspect, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right: 24, B. superbus, China MD#339; 25, B. waltoni, China MD#216; 26, B. convexus, China MD#215; 27, B. makarjini, Kazakhstan MD#1240; 28, B. marussinus, Pakistan MD#408; 29, B. avinoviellus, India MD#404; 30, B. himalayanus, India MD#426; 31, B. turkestanicus, China MD#351; 32, B. defector, Kyrgyzstan MD#367; 33, B. margreiteri, China MD#294; 34, B. handlirschianus, Russia MD#835; 35, B. mendax, Spain MD#689.

FIGURES 15‒23 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 15‒23. Morphology of the female (queen) head from the ventral aspect (labrum and mandibles): 15, B. marussinus queen, Pakistan MD#482; 16, B. avinoviellus queen, India MD#598; 17, B. turkestanicus queen, Tajikistan MD#320; 18, B. defector queen, Kyrgyzstan MD#1080; 19, B. margreiteri queen, Mongolia MD#319; 20, B. himalayanus queen, India MD#453. Morphology of the female (queen) left hindleg tibia from the left lateral aspect, dorsal at the top of the image, anterior to the left: 21, B. defector, China MD#1251; 22, B. margreiteri, Mongolia MD#319; 23, B. turkestanicus, Kyrgyzstan MD#324.

FIGURE 14 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 14. Assessing morphological characters by assessing groups of species within the subgenus Mendacibombus from three characters of hair colour (characters 1‒3) and 13 characters of male genital morphology (characters 4‒16) by maximum parsimony analysis with TNT. Numbers above the branches of the tree are the character numbers from Table 6; solid squares show unique character-state changes; and open squares show parallel or reverse character-state changes.

FIGURE 10 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 10. Plot of (y axis) the number of lineages in the BEAST tree (Fig. 11) of unique COI haplotypes excluding outgroups on a log scale against (x axis) time as substitutions per nucleotide. T, the single threshold at maximum likelihood for the change in branching rate from the GMYC models.

FIGURE 9 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 9. Map of the global distribution of sites from which samples of the subgenus Mendacibombus have been examined (these bees are unknown from any other regions). Spots are coloured to show the site elevation above sea level (scale in metres to the left). Image showing vegetation, Cartesian orthonormal projection, with north at the top of the map.

FIGURES 36‒55 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 36‒55. Morphology of parts of the male genitalia from the dorsal aspect of the left side, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right, white bars indicating morphological characters referred to in the key to males: 36, B. waltoni; 37, B. mendax; 38, B. superbus; 39, B. convexus; 40, B. waltoni; 41, B. convexus; 42, B. defector; 43, B. mendax; 44, B. mendax; 45, B. turkestanicus; 46, B. avinoviellus; 47, B. mendax; 48, B. mendax; 49, B. makarjini; 50, B. handlirschianus; 51, B. himalayanus; 52, B. turkestanicus; 53, B. himalayanus; 54, B. himalayanus; 55, B. marussinus.

FIGURE 8 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 8. Plot of (y axis) terminal branch lengths from a tree for 43 unique COI haplotypes obtained with BEAST against (x axis) lengths of the barcode sequences in numbers of nucleotides.

FIGURES 1‒6 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 1‒6. Views of perching males of species of the subgenus Mendacibombus, showing the anteriorly extended antennae and laterally extended wings that are characteristic of their form of male mate-searching behaviour: 1, B. waltoni at Diebu ca 3910 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29.viii.2009; 2, B. convexus at Diebu ca 3340 m, Minshan mountains, Gansu, China, 29.viii.2009; 3, B. avinoviellus at Gulmarg ca 2700 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 16.viii.1985; 4, B. himalayanus at Apharwat ca 4100 m, Pir Panjal mountains, Kashmir, India, 30.viii.1986; 5‒6, B. margreiteri near Dulan ca 3520 m, Burhan Budai mountains, Qinghai, China, 31.viii.2010. Photos by PW (Figs 3–4 are the best available for these species).

FIGURE 7 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 7. Frequency of specimen collection by decade among specimens examined for species of the subgenus Mendacibombus excluding B. mendax and B. handlirschianus.

FIGURE 73 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 73. Plot of elevation (y-axis) against latitude (x-axis) for the 4413 records of all species of the subgenus Mendacibombus world-wide. A key to the symbols identifying species is shown at the upper left.

FIGURES 71‒72 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURES 71‒72. Maps of (71) specimen richness and (72) species richness for the subgenus Mendacibombus among equalarea grid cells recorded from geo-referenced specimens in the database. The grid is based on longitudinal intervals of 10°, which are used to calculate graduated latitudinal intervals to provide equal-area cells (each cell of area approximately 611,000 km²). Grey scale (right) with equal-frequency richness classes, maximum value in a separate class. Cylindrical orthomorphic equal-area projection (excluding Antarctica) with north at the top of the map.

FIGURE 13 in Early-diverging bumblebees from across the roof of the world: the high-mountain subgenus Mendacibombus revised from species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 13. Assigning names to species from an estimate of phylogeny for 130 COI sequences of the subgenus Mendacibombus. Based on a BEAST analysis of the 30 unique haplotypes (Fig. 11), with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is added after the first matching sequence, with the addition of the two short-sequence yellow unbanded specimens from Pakistan, MD#4058, 4059). The sequence labels follow the format used in Figs 11, 12. Lineages accepted as species from the GMYC models (Fig. 11) are shown as thick branches, the most recent common ancestors of each species are shown with a black spot, and branches within species are shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names (Table 1). The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each species (from Fig. 11) is marked in bold. The interpretations of the species with their valid names are shown in grey to the right.

FIGURE 56 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 56. Bombus (Sibiricobombus) sibiricus visiting an introduced Cosmos bipinnatus (Asteraceae) in Gansu, China.

FIGURE 55 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 55. Graph showing log-transformed relative abundance (grey bars) and mean elevation (black squares) of each species, the species ranked by their relative abundance in the samples.

FIGURE 40–54 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 40–54. Maps of Gansu showing the recorded presences of the species as black spots with county boundaries shown in grey.

FIGURE 4–21 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 4–21. Maps of Gansu showing the recorded presences of the species as black spots with county boundaries shown in grey.

FIGURE 22–39 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 22–39. Maps of Gansu showing the recorded presences of the species as black spots with county boundaries shown in grey.

FIGURE 3 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 3. Map of Gansu showing the relative species richness of the recorded sites as grey spots of different sizes with county boundaries shown in grey.

FIGURE 2 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 2. Relief map of Gansu as an indication of different habitats. Names of selected major cities are marked with a dot. The main physiographic regions are marked from I to VIII.

FIGURE 1 in The bumblebees of Gansu, Northwest China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of China showing the location of Gansu (in grey). Names of neighbouring provinces are shown in italics, names of geomorphological features are shown in bold.