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Fig. 9 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 9. Bivariate plots of length and width and best fit lines of Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 2 (tectonic strain is evident in some specimens at Locality 1, which are excluded from this plot); Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, Utah, USA, Locality 8 of Robison (1964); Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 3; Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Mount Whyte Formation, Ross Lake, Mount Stephen, and Mount Field, Yoho National Park, Canada (Rasetti 1954, 1957).

Fig. 13 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 13. Stylized anatomical reconstruction of the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Dorsal valve, plan view. B. Longitudinal section slightly off the midline of the valves and normal to commissure. Colors: black in A, shell outline; black in B, valves and juxtaposed apical bosses; green, pedicle, inserting on posterior surface of apical boss and in cardinal troughs; red, muscles originating on anterior surface of apical boss and attaching to the anterior body wall; turquoise, visceral mass; orange, lophophore; grey, peripheral and axial furrow zones; short black lines, cilia in grooves between mantle canals; blue arrows, inferred inhalant and exhalant water currents; dotted areas, coelomic fluid; olive green, setae omitted in A). Lophophore modelled after Heliomedusa (Chen et al. 2007).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 8. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), middle Cambrian, Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), internal shell features. Dorsal vs. ventral valves uncertain. A, B. TMP 2021.022.0001 (A) and TMP 2021.022.0002 B), valves preserving peripheral furrows; note in A a prominent cardinal sulcus. C. TMP 2021.022.0003, valve interior, showing a cardinal pseudosocket. D. TMP 2021.022.0004, valve interior, preserving a nearly symmetrical apical area and conspicuous posterior median opening. E–G. Variation of apical areas of valve interiors. TMP 2021.022.0005 (E), TMP 2021.022.0006 (F), TMP 2021.022.0007 (G).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 12. Microstructure in the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides spp. and co-occurring rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. A–C. Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1. A. TMP 2008.024.1142, fragmentary valve in interior view (A1), detail showing silica rods imbricated and inclined toward valve margin (A2). B. TMP 2008.024.1150, ventral valve in exterior view (B1), showing silica rods oriented with proximal ends of rods overlapping distal ends of preceding rods in posterior third of valve, but seemingly reversing orientation in posterior third of valve (B2). C. TMP 2008.024.1141 (same specimen and valve area as in Fig. 11C1, inner box) detail showing silica rods. D, E. Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), external shell features. D. TMP 2021.022.0008, ventral(?) valve in exterior view (D1), detail of anterior end (D2), arrows show incompletely silicified radial rods. E. TMP 2021.022.0009, dorsal(?) valve, anterior end showing silicified outer shell surface with fine radial elements extending across growth varices (black arrows) and apparently shorter radial rods in valve sublayers (white arrows). F, G. Rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, silicified microstructure, Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Locality 1. F. Tomteluva sp., TMP 2008.024.1151, silicified shell in exterior view (F1), posterior end is broken; anterior is to the right; detail showing orientation of silica rods (F2), anterior is to the left. G. Fragmentary nisusiid, TMP 2008.024.1152, silicified shell in interior view (G1), detail showing imbricated silica rods (G2). A, C, F, SEM images and B, D, E, G, light microscope images.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 6. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1 A, D, E, G, H) and Locality 2 (B, C, F). A. TMP 2008.024.1140, ventral valve in exterior view. B. TMP 2002.083.0179, ventral valve in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views. C. TMP 2002.083.0180, dorsal valve in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. TMP 2008.024.1145, dorsal valve in interior magnified, D) and exterior (D) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1141, ventral valve in interior (E) and exterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2002.083.0181, dorsal 1 2 1 valve in exterior (F1) and interior (F2) views. G. TMP 2008.024.1146, dorsal valve in posterior (G1) and exterior (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1139, ventral valve in interior view.

Fig. 13 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 13. Restoration of the conch of Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949 from the Ust-kut Formation of Siberia, with hypothetical subspherical apex based mostly on ZPAL N. IV/4 (Fig. 5A). A. Septum in proximal view. B. Conch in lateral view with the body and proximal part of sipho exposed. C. The body and a portion of sipho in dorsal view.

Fig. 10 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 10. Contours of all the ellesmeroceratid nautiloid conchs (interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949) from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia, superimposed on the most complete specimen ZPAL N. IV/4 (Fig. 5A).

Fig. 9 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 9. Apical parts of ellesmeroceratid nautiloid conchs (interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949) from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A, B. ZPAL N. IV/11 and 117, respectively; conchs with low expansion rate rate in lateral (A1, B1) and dorsal (A2, B2) views. C–E. ZPAL N. IV/103, 18, and 114, respectively; conchs with high expansion rate rate in lateral (C1, D, E2), ventral (C2), and dorsal (E1) views.

Fig. 6 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 6. Suture lines of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A–H. ZPAL N. IV/109, 111, 10, 27, 56, 51, 48, and 9, respectively. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 1. Loose block No. 1 of a stromatolitic limestone with abundant nautiloid conchs of the Ust-kut Formation (latest Furongian or earliest Tremadocian) found on the left bank of the Angara River at the former village Pashino. A. The block partially exploited for fossils. B. Stromatolite columns with empty cavities and a laminar cover above. C. A piece of the rock with exposed nautiloids. D. Polished rock surface (note similarity of the specimen in the middle to the holotype of Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949). E. Naturally abraded upper surface of the stromatolite columns.

Fig. 5 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 5. Artistic reconstruction of Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. Illustration by Xiaodong Wang (Yunnan Zhishui Corporation, Kunming, China).

Fig. 1 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 1. Tergal morphology of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu in Luo et al., 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YKLP 11564a, a nearly complete specimen in dorsal view, showing three prothoracic tergites, five opisthothoracic tergites and seven abdominal tergites. B. YIGS Kgs-1-36 (paratype), prothoracic tergites in dorsal view. C. YIGS Kgs-1-37 (paratype), isolated opisthothoracic tergite in dorsal view. D. YKLP 11140, last two prothoracic and five opisthothoracic tergites in lateral view, appendages are detached from the body. E. YKLP 11162b, last prothoracic, five opisthothoracic and first two abdominal tergites in lateral view.

Fig. 4 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 4. Carapace and appendages of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YKLP 11201, detached carapace in ventral view and the organization of head appendages (A1); close-up of the head appendages (A2, photograph; A3, explanatory drawing); white arrows, the lateral lobes of the hypostome; black arrow, the possible section in SPA; close-up of the spinose medial margin of the SPA (A4), white arrows indicate the spinose medial margin. B. NIGPAS Kgs-1-137, nearly complete body with well-preserved appendages in lateral view; white arrows, the anterior appendages; black arrows, the appendages belonging to the first and second opisthothoracic segments; white arrowheads, lateral subpentagonal spines of an endopod; black arrowheads, the attachments of the proximal podomeres of appendages. C. YKLP 11202, opisthothoracic appendages in dorsal view; black arrow, the terminal subtriangular podomere; white arrowheads, lateral subpentagonal spines of an endopod; black arrowheads, the attachments of the proximal podomeres of appendages. D. NIGPAS Kgs-6-108 the carapace, antennae and trunk appendages in ventral view (D1), close-up of trunk appendages showing 11 podomeres in the endopod of one biramous appendage (D2), arrowheads point to hollow nodes that indicate the insertions of the spines along the inner margin of the endopod. Images B, C courtesy of Shixue Hu (Chengdu Centre of the Geological Survey of China, Chengdu, China).

Fig. 12 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 12. Relationships between the basic conch geometry aspects of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A. With an increase of septum depth its obliquity increases even stronger but the correlation is rather loose. B. If non-linear correspondence to ontogeny of these phragmocone aspects is ignored, the pattern of variability appears roughly unimodal. C–E. Also the distribution of indices of the living chamber elongation, septum inclination and depth does not reveal any multimodality. The regression lines in A and B are intuitive (drawn by hand and not computed) because only one dimension (aperture height) is measurable in smallest conchs.

Fig. 11 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 11. Ontogenetic change of conch geometry aspects of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. Aperture height is used as a measure of an individual age. A–C. Characters with linear growth pattern. D–G. Characters with non-linear growth pattern. The regression lines are intuitive (drawn by hand and not computed) because only one dimension (aperture height) is measurable in smallest conchs.

Fig. 7 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 7. Medial sections of ellesmeroceratid nautiloids interpreted below as Ruthenoceras elongatum Korde, 1949, from sample Ang-4, block No. 1, probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation found at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia. A, B. Mature phragmocones with moderately oblique septa, ZPAL N. IV/14 and 15, respectively. C. Almost complete juvenile phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/92 showing extend of diaphragms in the siphuncle. D–G. Apical parts of phragmocones (not strictly medial sections), ZPAL N. IV/115, 118, 121, and 125, respectively. H. Mature phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/16 with extremely oblique septa. I. Straight part of the phragmocone ZPAL N. IV/17 with oblique diaphragms. Wet ground surfaces (A1, B, C1, D–G, H1, I) and acetate peels (A2, C2, H2).

Fig. 2 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 2. Exposure of the source strata for the blocks with nautiloids found a few kilometers upstream the Angara River. A. Transition from the Ust-kut to Iya Formation. B. Top of the limestone succession of the Ust-kut Formation. C. Columnar stromatolite and limestone of the Ust-kut Formation. D. Field sketch of the section showing position of conodont samples and probable correspondence between the strata exposed and the loose blocks.

Fig. 2 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 2. Terminal abdominal tergite and associated structures of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YIGS Kgs-1-62 (paratype), incomplete abdomen in lateral view. B. NIGPAS Kgs-1-137, nearly complete specimen in lateral view (B1), close-up (B2). Arrows indicate the position of the posteroventral spine. C. YKLP 11566, complete trunk and telson in lateral view C1), close-up (C2), explanatory drawing (C3), white arrows, outer spines; black arrows, inner spines. Image B courtesy of Shixue Hu (Chengdu Centre of the Geological Survey of China, Chengdu, China).

Fig. 3 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 3. Conodonts from the probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation from the exposure at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia, samples Ang-4, block No. 1 (A–E; Fig. 1) and Ang-1, topmost limestone layer (F–N; Fig. 2B). A, K–N. Utahconus(?) eurypterus (Abaimova, 1971), ZPAL N. IV/163, 168, 169, 170, and 172, respectively. B–J. Laurentoscandodus triangularis (Furnish, 1938), ZPAL N. IV/165, 166, 167, 173, 174, 175, 177, and 176, respectively; in posterior views, except for medial view in L1 and occlusals view in M1 and N2. Tentative identification of elements locations indicated S, S0, M, P.

Fig. 4 in Variability of conch morphology in a cephalopod species from the Cambrian to Ordovician transition strata of Siberia

Fig. 4. Benthic bellerophontid and monoplacophoran molluscs from the probably latest Furongian Ust-kut Formation from the exposure at Pashino on the Angara River, Siberia, Russia; samples Ang-4, block No. 1 (A, B, D) and Ang-1, topmost limestone bed (C, E–I). A, B. Sinuitopsis sp. nov., ZPAL N. IV/154 and 155, in external (A1, B1) and lateral (A2, B2) views. C. Bellerophontid gen. et sp. nov. ZPAL N. IV/156, in lateral (C1) and external (C2) views. D. Hypseloconid ZPAL N. IV/157, in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Monoplacophoran? ZPAL N. IV/158, in dorsal (E1) and lateral (E2) views. F–I. Phosphatised conchs of juvenile individuals probably representing the same species as that on C; ZPAL NIV/162, 161, 160, and 159, respectively, in lateral (F1, H, and I) and apertural (F2, G) views.