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Figure 2 in Cicadas impact bird communication in a noisy tropical rainforest

Figure 2 Rate of overlap, excluding "complete" overlap, between bird and cicada signals before versus after the onset of cicada signaling for 7 recording days during June and July 2012 in secondary wet forest at Las Cruces Biological Station, Costa Rica. The "overlap before" bar represents the number of unique bird vocalizations produced prior to the onset of Zammara chorusing, with spectra that overlap to any degree with the normal base frequency range of Zammara signals. The "overlap after" bar represents the number of unique bird vocalizations with spectra that overlapped to any degree with the actual Zammara signals.

Fig. 45. Character 66. Uncal length, states 0 and 1 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 45. Character 66. Uncal length, states 0 and 1: (0) of moderate proportions, retractable within pygofer; (1) exceedingly long, non-retractable within pygofer.

Fig. 38. Character 50 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 38. Character 50. Pygofer in lateral view showing distal shoulder, states 0–2: (0) not developed; (1) broad, rounded, often the most distal part of pygofer; (2) distally extended into pointed, and often apically up-turned, lobe.

Fig. 42. Character 63 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 42. Character 63. Uncal shape, lateral view, states 0–2: (0) n-shaped in cross-section, apically with sides meeting but not fused; (1) digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant; (2) duck-bill shaped, small and flat, not dominant; (3) absent.

Fig. 41. Character 58 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 41. Character 58. Pygofer basal lobe development, lateral view, states 0–3: (0) moderately developed, tending to be broadly rounded in lateral view; (1) ill-defined, substantially confluent with pygofer margin; (2) large, in lateral view projecting outwards, basically triangular but sometimes distally elongate; (3) large, in lateral view projecting outwards, linear, parallel-sided.

Fig. 39. Character 51 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 39. Character 51. Pygofer in ventral view showing inner tooth, states 0–1: (0) absent; (1) present.

Fig. 5 in Calling songs of sympatric and allopatric populations of Cicada barbara and C. orni (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 5. Scores of the first two PCA components extracted from a data matrix, which was composed of 9 acoustic variables measured for 158 individuals of Cicada barbara (Cb) and C. orni (Co) occurring allopatrically (allop) and sympatrically (symp).

Fig. 2 in Calling songs of sympatric and allopatric populations of Cicada barbara and C. orni (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 2. Oscillograms (amplitude vs. time) and sonagrams (frequency vs. time) of the calling songs of Cicada barbara and C. orni.

Fig. 4 in Calling songs of sympatric and allopatric populations of Cicada barbara and C. orni (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 4. Scatterplots of the number of syllables per second relative to temperature in Cicada barbara and C. orni and of both echeme duration and inter-echeme interval relative to temperature in C. orni.

Fig. 3 in Calling songs of sympatric and allopatric populations of Cicada barbara and C. orni (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 3. Boxplots of the acoustic variables of the songs of Cicada barbara and C. orni occurring allopatrically (Allop) and sympatrically (Symp).

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Figure 4. 1H in General Protocol to Obtain D-Glucosamine from Biomass Residues: Shrimp Shells, Cicada Sloughs and Cockroaches

Figure 4. 1H NMR data (400 MHz, 298 K) of glucosamine hydrochloride in D O: a) 1H NMR spectrum with anomeric distribution at equilibrium; 2 b) mutarotation mechanism of glucosamine; c) anomeric region of the 1H NMR spectra recorded at different elapsed times; and d) relative amount of each anomer as a function of time.

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Figure 2 in General Protocol to Obtain D-Glucosamine from Biomass Residues: Shrimp Shells, Cicada Sloughs and Cockroaches

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the general procedure to obtain D-glucosamine from shrimp shells, cicada sloughs, and cockroaches.

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Figure 3. a in General Protocol to Obtain D-Glucosamine from Biomass Residues: Shrimp Shells, Cicada Sloughs and Cockroaches

Figure 3. a) IR and b) mass spectra of D-glucosamine obtained from shrimp shells; similar spectra were obtained for the glucosamine isolated from cicada sloughs and cockroaches.

Figure 20 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 20. (a) Lacertilian on an open turret. (b) Perforations (p) following passage of Legion ants on an open turret after an episode of heavy rainfall; o: Opening in the shape of its clypeus practiced by the nymph in response to rainfall. (c) Perforations (p) following a passage of army ants on a turret that the nymph closed with a clay occlusion (clc) after the cessation of precipitation. (d) Bottom of a well after passage of ants; the remainder of the hook of the end of a front leg (fl) is visible. (e) Ant in the bottom of a well.

Figure 18 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 18. Relationship between Tachigali's trunk diameters and distances to G. chlorogena's edifices. (a) Plotting distances to all the buildings associated with a given tree. (b) Plotting the average distance to the buildings associated with a given tree.

Figure 16 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 16. (a) 6:59 a.m.: Opening resulting from the enlargement of a small perforation, such as that shown on Figure 15a. (b) 7:03 a.m.: Continuation of the enlargement; the nymph is discernible. (c) 8:44 a.m.: The enlargement is finished; the nymph appears, on can distinguish its eyes (ey) and its clypeus (cly). (d) 9:38 a.m.: The nymph, gripped at the opening, is equalising the edge by scratching with the hook-shaped end of its forelegs (fl); one distinguishes also an antenna (ant) and the clypeus (cly). (e) 10:05 a.m.: The equalisation of the edge is complete, the opening is perfectly circular and the nymph withdrew. (f) 6:08 p.m.: The nymph leaves its building. Observation on 01.09.2019.

Figure 12 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 12. (a) Circular orifice resulting from a slight pressure of the mass of soggy clay against the wall of the summit. (b) Orifice with imprint of clypeus (cly) and pronotum (pro) covered with soggy clay. (c–f) occlusion of the orifice shown in Figure 12a after end of rainfall, by injection of soggy clay (captured images with the automatic camera Brinno timelapseTLC200 Pro).

Figure 14 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 14. (a) Exuvia attesting for the moulting of a nymph on its own building (photos Vanessa Gama). The white line represents the trip of the nymph between the opening at the top of the turret and the place where the moult took place. Note the rotation made by the nymph at the bottom of its turret. (b) imago from another nymph drying its wings after moulting on its own building. (c) Migration of a nymph from its turret to the branch where it has moulted. o: Opened turret.

Figure 11 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 11. (a) Spontaneous reconstruction of a new turret. (b) Diagram of deviation by the nymph of the outlet of the well: obt: Filling with clay of the old outlet, dfl: Deviation made for a new outlet, ft: Former turret, nt: New turret.

Figure 13 in The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem

Figure 13. Correlation between intense rainfalls (////) and temporary and simultaneous opening of 35 turrets, during 3 episodes, between July 19 and 23, 2016.