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Fig. 6 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Tachysoma pellionellum during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of early dividers, note the basal bodies in the oral primordia forming an elongated field; arrows show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact. (C, D) Ventral views of early dividers. In C, arrow in the proter marks the paroral which is dedifferentiating; arrow in the opisthe shows the anlage of the undulating membranes, and arrowhead indicates the right marginal anlage; in D, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the anlagen of the undulating membranes, and arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen. (E–G) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In E, arrowhead shows the first frontal cirrus and arrows mark the right marginal anlagen; in G, double-arrowheads show the first frontal cirrius, arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen, and arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 1. (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; arrows show the dorsal kineties 6. II–VI, FVT-anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; OP, oral primordium; 2–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm (B, D, F) and 45µm (I).

Fig. 5 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Middle and late dividers of Tachysoma pellionellum, after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In A, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri and arrows mark the left marginal anlagen; in B, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of a mid-divider. In C, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri, arrows mark the left marginal anlagen and double-arrowheads show the anlagen of dorsal kineties; in D, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen 4. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; double-arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6) and arrowheads show the left marginal row. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a late-stage divider; arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; 1–6, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 45 µm.

Fig. 4 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. from life (A–L). (A, C, D) Ventral views of different cells, showing variation of body shape, arrow shows cilia in AZM1. (B) Dorsal view showing inclusions, a small spur-like protrusion (arrow in B), and anterior membranelles (arrow in D). (E) Partially lateral view. (F) Anterior portion showing spur-like bulge (arrow) at anterior margin of body and AZM1. (G) Ventral view of posterior part showing AZM2, and small left marginal cirrus (arrow). (H) Ventral view of anterior part, showing frontal cirri. (I) Ventral view of posterior part, showing the fine rightmost transverse cirrus (arrow) and left marginal cirri. (J) Ventral view, showing two fine ventral cirri (arrows). (K) Depicting dorsal bristles. (L) Dorsal view, to show caudal cirri located at concave area and dorsal grooves (arrows). AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 5 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C, I) Ventral and dorsal views of specimens at interphase, showing ciliature and macronuclear nodules, arrow showing the small left marginal cirrus. (D, E) Anterior view, to show AZM1 and frontal cirri. (F) Arrows show two fine ventral cirri. (G, H) Depicting AZM2 and left marginal cirri. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; DK3, dorsal kinety 3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; PM, paroral membrane; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 3 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing migration of new structures and the formation of spherical fused macronucleus. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, five new membranelles combine with six retained membranelles to form anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles in the proter, the macronucleus dividing once. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same daughter cell just after fusion, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same specimen, arrows in A and B show cirral anlagen and two caudal cirri in the rightmost dorsal kinety anlagen of both proter and opisthe, respectively, arrowheads in A and B mark left marginal anlagen and replication bands, respectively. (C) Ventral view of a middle divider, arrowheads mark the development of left marginal anlagen. (D) Ventral view of a middle divider, showing the formation of paroral membrane anlagen and the segmentation of cirral anlagen (arrows), dedifferentiation of the old paroral membrane. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing the formation of new membranelles and cirri and other dorsal kineties anlagen, arrows show de novo formation of a frontal cirrus beside new paroral membrane OP, opisthe's oral primordium; PMA, paroral membrane anlage; POP, proter's oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. in vivo (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal view of the holotype specimen, showing the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. Frontal-midventral-transverse cirri which originate from the same anlage are connected by a broken line. (D) Ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of cirral anlagen and OP. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same early divider, showing the development of cirral anlagen and OP as well the formation of proter's oral primodirum, left marginal anlagen (arrows in E) and replication bands (arrow in F) and dorsal kinety anlagen in the two rightmost old structures; arrowhead indicates short cirral anlage. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; OP, opisther's oral primodium; PM, paroral membrane; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri; VC, ventral cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 7 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop. 2 during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A) ventral view of early divider showing oral primordium, arrowheads point to the left frontoventral cirri. (B, C) ventral views of late divider, arrows mark the left frontoventral row anlagen, white arrow indicates the oral primordium, arrowheads mark the right frontoventral row anlagen (B) arrowheads in C point to the undulating membrane anlage. (D–G) ventral views of late dividers of proter, arrows indicate the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowheads mark the newly formed right frontoventral row. (H) ventral view of late divider of opisthe, arrow indicates the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the newly formed right frontoventral row. (I) dorsal view of anterior portion showing the dorsal kineties anlagen, arrowheads mark new caudal cirri. (J–M) dorsal views of the body portion showing the macronuclear nodules fused to a single mass (J) and divider (K–M). LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen; UMA, undulating membrane anlage; I–III, frontoventral transverse cirral anlagen I–III. Scale bars: 25 μm in A, C, 30 μm in D, G and 20 μm in J.

Fig. 4. A–F in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 4. A–F. Morphogenesis of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral and dorsal views of the same mid-divider, arrowheads in A mark the dorsomarginal kineties anlagen and in B show the posterior fragmentation of the third dorsal kinety anlage (counted from left to right), arrows in B show the old caudal cirri. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal views of the same late divider, (C) shows the completely formed frontoventral-transverse cirri and (D) shows the caudal cirri (arrowheads). (E, F) Ventral and dorsal views of the same late divider just before cell division, to show the newly built ciliature and nuclear apparatus. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = dorsal kinety 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; LMC = left marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; I to VI represent anlagen I to VI. Scale bars = 30 μm.

Fig. 7 in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 7. Drawings (A–C) and photomicrographs (D–G) of original population of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A) Ventral ciliature (redrawing from the holotype). (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of the holotype from Berger (1999), arrowhead shows a misinterpreted frontoventral cirrus. (D) Ventral ciliature of the holotype. (E) Magnification of frontoventral cirri of the holotype. (F) Ventral view of the anterior portion of a paratype, to show the arrangement of frontoventral cirri. (G) Dorsal view of the right portion of another paratype, to show dorsal kineties 5 and 6.

Fig. 4 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2 from life (A–E) and after protargol staining (F–J). (A) ventral view of typical individual. (B, C) ventral views of the anterior portion showing adoral zone of membranelles in B and contractile vacuole in C. (D) a different individual under the polarizing microscope (POL) showing the crystals in the cytoplasm. (E) lateral view in vivo. (F) anterior body portion in ventral view; dotted ellipses indicate the buccal and parabuccal cirri; also showing the frontal cirri, endoral, paroral, and adoral zone of membranelles. (G) a part of body in ventral view, arrow indicates the left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the right frontoventral row. (H) dorsal view of the posterior portion showing caudal cirri. (I) body portion in dorsal view showing macronuclear nodules, arrowheads mark the dorsal kineties. (J) anterior body portion in dorsal view showing dorsal kineties. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; CC, caudal cirri; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 80 μm in A, 60 μm in D, E and 30 μm in F.

Fig. 3 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.1 from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–M). (A) ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) ventral views of a different individuals in B and food vacuoles (arrowheads). (D) lateral view in vivo. (E, F) body portion in ventral views showing adoral zone of membranelles and contractile vacuole position. (G) detail of crystals (arrowheads) in the cytoplasm. (H) anterior body portion in ventral view showing adoral zone of membranelles. (I) anterior body in ventral view showing macronuclear nodules. (J) dorsal view of anterior body portion showing the dorsal kineties. (K–M) ventral and dorsal views of a mid-stage divide. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronuclear nodules; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 130 μm in A, H and 20 μm in F.

Fig. 5 in Redescription of Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Kahl, 1926) Jankowski, 1964 (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) from a Hot Spring in Iceland with Identification Key for Dexiotricha species

Fig. 5. Dexiotricha species from live (A, D, F, G) and silver-stained specimens (B, C, E, H–L). (A–C) D. elliptica (from Fan et al. 2014). (D, E) D. tranquilla (from Augustin and Foissner 1992). (F) D. polystyla (from Foissner 1987). (G, H) D. granulosa (G from Behrend 1916; H from Fan et al. 2014). (I) D. media (from Peck 1974). (J, K) D. colpidiopsis (J from Fauré-Fremiet 1968; H from Jankowski 1964). (L) D. raikovi (from Jankowski 1964). Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 2 in Redescription of Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Kahl, 1926) Jankowski, 1964 (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) from a Hot Spring in Iceland with Identification Key for Dexiotricha species

Fig. 2. Dexiotricha colpidiopsis from live (A–C) and after protargol-staining (D–F). (A) Ventrolateral view of a typical specimen showing the subterminal contractile vacuole (arrow). (B) Ventral view (from Kahl 1926). (C) Right lateral view showing the transverse row of cilia (arrows). (D) Ciliature of oral region. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal views of type specimen. CC, caudal cilium; M1–3, membranelles 1–3; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PK, postoral kineties; PM, paroral membrane; Sc, scutica; SK, somatic kineties; SK1, first somatic kinety on right margin of buccal cavity; SKn, first somatic kinety on left margin of buccal cavity. Scale bars: 25 µm.

Fig. 8 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic tree inferred from SSU rDNA sequences, revealing the phylogenetic positions of Thuricola folliculata, Thuricola kellicottiana and Thuricola obconica (red fonts). The two sequences marked by stars (KJ649621 and KU363269) are probably misidentified. Numbers near nodes denote Maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability, respectively. The scale bar indicates five substitutions per 100 nucleotides. Systematic classification follows Sun et al. (2012) and Gao et al. (2016b).

Fig. 6 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 6. Morphology and ciliature of Thuricola folliculata. (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with two zooids. (D) Macronucleus in vivo. (E) Narrow side view of lorica. (F) Wide side view of lorica. (G) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations and aboral trochal band. (H) Macronucleus after protargol staining. (I) Oral ciliature. (J) Detail of infundibular polykineties. (K) T. folliculata from Kent (1881). (L) Cothurnia regalis from Penard (1914) (synonym of T. folliculata). (M) Cothurnia crystallina from Penard (1922) (synonym of T. folliculata). (N) T. folliculata from Kahl (1935). (O) T. folliculata from Sommer (1951). (P) T. obliqua from Sommer (1951). (Q) T. folliculata from Liebmann (1962). (R) T. folliculata from Nusch (1970). (S) Ciliature of T. folliculata from Eperson (1982). (T) T. folliculata from Jiang et al. (1983). (U) T. folliculata from Shen and Gu (2016). EM1–2, epistomial membrane 1–2; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; JM, junctional membrane; Ma, macronucleus; Po, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; TB, trochal band; Val, valve. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 4. Morphology and ciliature of Thuricola kellicottiana. (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with single zooid, to show macronucleus in vivo. (D) Narrow side view of lorica. (E) Wide side view of lorica. (F) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations and aboral trochal band. (G) Macronucleus after protargol staining. (H) Model pattern of oral ciliature. (I) Oral ciliature. (J) T. innixa from Kellicottiana, 1884. (K) Thuricolopsis kellicottiana from Stokes, 1887. (L) Cothurnia castellensis from Penard, 1914. (M) T. amphora from Sommer, 1951. (N) T. kellicottiana from Bernerth, 1982. (O) T. kellicottiana from Nusch, 1970. (P) T. kellicottiana from Trueba, 1980. (Q) T. kellicottiana from Shen and Gu (2016). EM1–2, epistomial membrane 1–2; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; JM, junctional membrane; Ma, macronucleus; Po, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; Sp, spine; TB: trochal band; Val, valve. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in Redescription of Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Kahl, 1926) Jankowski, 1964 (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) from a Hot Spring in Iceland with Identification Key for Dexiotricha species

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses of the small SSU rRNA gene sequences. The new sequence is highlighted in bold. Numbers at the nodes are the bootstrap values of the ML and BI analyses, respectively. The mark "-" indicates discrepancies in the topologies of the ML and BI trees; thus, only the values of ML are shown in these cases. The scale bar corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Fig. 6 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 6. Late dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2, after protargol staining. (A–D) late divider, arrows mark the newly formed left frontoventral row and arrowheads indicate the newly formed right frontoventral row (A, C); arrowheads mark the newly formed caudal cirri (B, D); short lines connect buccal cirri, dotted ellipses indicate the parabuccal cirri; asterisks mark the additional frontoventral streak (A, C). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlagen; 1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen. Scale bars: 120 μm.

Fig. 3 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Thuricola obconica from life (A–N) and after protargol staining (O–S). (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with two zooids. (D, E) Narrow side view of different individuals. (F–H) Narrow side view of different curved loricas. (I) Anterior portion of body, arrow marks contractile vacuole. (J) Posterior portion, arrowhead marks junctional membrane around the inner stalk. (K) Posterior portion, arrow marks the expanded lorica base, arrowheads mark the junctional membrane. (L) Wide side view of lorica, arrowhead marks the junctional membrane. (M) Narrow side view of anterior portion of lorica, arrow marks valve. (N) Detail of pellicle, arrowhead marks aboral trochal band. (O–Q) Ciliature of three specimens, arrow marks trochal band. (R) Oral ciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane 2. (S) Detail of infundibular polykineties 1–3. EM1, epistomial membrane 1; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; Ma, macronucleus; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3. Scale bars = 100 μm (A–H); 50 μm (O–Q).