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333 results for “Convergent evolution”
FIGURES 16–23 in The milliped family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. V. Stegostriaria dulcidormus, n. gen., n. sp., Kentrostriaria ohara, n. gen., n. sp., and the convergent evolution of exaggerated metazonital crests (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)
FIGURES 16–23. New species of striariid millipeds. Figs 16–18. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n. sp., male paratype. 16. Right gonopod, lateral view, anterior to the left. 17. Left gonopod, mesal view, anterior to the left. 18. Legpair 9, anterior view. Figs 19–23. Kentrostriaria ohara n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 19. Left leg 2, posterior view. 20. Gonophore, anterior view. 21. Right gonopod, anterior view. 22. Left gonopod, anteriomesal view.
FIGURES 7–11. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n in The milliped family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. V. Stegostriaria dulcidormus, n. gen., n. sp., Kentrostriaria ohara, n. gen., n. sp., and the convergent evolution of exaggerated metazonital crests (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)
FIGURES 7–11. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n. sp., male paratype. 7. Legpairs 2–7, ventral view. 8. Coxae and prefemora of legpair 2, ventral view. 9. Sternum and coxae of legpair 3 and coxae and prefemora of legpair 4, ventral view. 10. Coxae of legpair 7, anterior view. 11. Setae from prefemur of legpair 6, ventral view.
FIGURES 12–15. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n in The milliped family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. V. Stegostriaria dulcidormus, n. gen., n. sp., Kentrostriaria ohara, n. gen., n. sp., and the convergent evolution of exaggerated metazonital crests (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)
FIGURES 12–15. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n. sp., male paratype. 12. Tarsal setae of legpair 34, lateral view. 13. Gonopods, anterior view. 14. Gonopods, ventral view. 15. Gonopods, posterioventral view.
FIGURES 1–6. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n in The milliped family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. V. Stegostriaria dulcidormus, n. gen., n. sp., Kentrostriaria ohara, n. gen., n. sp., and the convergent evolution of exaggerated metazonital crests (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)
FIGURES 1–6. Stegostriaria dulcidormus n. gen., n. sp., male paratype. 1. Head and leg 1, ventral view. 2. Midbody rings, lateral view. 3. Midbody rings, oblique dorsal view. 4. Rings 25–29 and telson, dorsal view. 5. Limbus, dorsal view. 6. Sculpture of telson, dorsal view.
FIGURES 24–29. Striariid millipedes. Figs 24–27. Kentrostriaria ohara n. gen., n in The milliped family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. V. Stegostriaria dulcidormus, n. gen., n. sp., Kentrostriaria ohara, n. gen., n. sp., and the convergent evolution of exaggerated metazonital crests (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)
FIGURES 24–29. Striariid millipedes. Figs 24–27. Kentrostriaria ohara n. gen., n. sp. male holotype. 24. Head, collum and rings 2–4, oblique view. 25. Rings 3–5, dorsal view. 26. Rings 12–14, dorsal view. 27. Rings 22–28 and telson, oblique view. 28. Kentrostriaria ohara n. gen., n. sp. female paratype, rings 22–28 and telson, lateral view. 29. Midbody segment of undescribed Striaria species from Waterrock Knob, North Carolina, dorsal view.
Convergent evolution of barnacles and molluscs sheds lights in origin and diversification of calcareous shell and sessile lifestyle
<p><span>The calcareous shell and sessile lifestyle are the representative phenotypes of many molluscs, which happen to be present in barnacles, a group of unique crustaceans. The origin of these phenotypes is unclear, but it may be embodied in the convergent genetics of such distant groups (interphylum). </span><span>Herein, we perform comprehensive comparative genomics analysis in barnacles and molluscs, and reveal a genome-wide strong convergent molecular evolution between them, including coexpansion of biomineralisation and organic matrix genes for shell formation, and origination of lineage-specific orphan genes for settlement. Notably, the expanded biomineralisation gene encoding alkaline phosphatase evolves a novel, highly conserved motif that may trigger the origin of barnacle shell formation. Unlike molluscs, barnacles adopt novel organic matrices and cement proteins for shell formation and settlement, respectively, and their calcareous shells have potentially originated from the cuticle system of crustaceans. Therefore, our study corroborates the idea that selection pressures driving convergent evolution may strongly act in organisms inhabiting similar environments regardless of phylogenetic distance. The convergence signatures shed light on the origin of the shell and sessile lifestyle of barnacles and molluscs. In addition, notable nonconvergence signatures are also present and may contribute to morphological and functional specificities.</span></p>
Supplementary data for: Convergent reductive evolution of cyanobacteria in symbiosis with Dinophysiales dinoflagellates
<p>Supplementary data for phylogenomic analysis in "<strong>Convergent reductive evolution of cyanobacteria in symbiosis with Dinophysiales dinoflagellates</strong>" by Nakayama, T., Nomura, M., Yabuki, A., Shiba, K., Inaba, K., & Inagaki, Y. (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63502-0">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63502-0</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.11.574452">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.11.574452</a>).</p> <p>The text file <code>CregCyn_phylogenomic_tree.newick</code> contains a newick formatted phylogenomic tree shown in Figure 2 of the paper. Note that the tree is unrooted.<br>The compressed file <code>phylogenomic_analysis_dataset.tar.gz</code> contains the following directories and files.</p> <ul> <li><code>concatenated_dataset.fasta </code>: dataset used for the phylogenomic analysis, constructed by combining 143 protein alignments.</li> <li><code>single_protein_datasets</code>: directory containing each orthologous protein sequence from which the concatenated dataset was derived.<br>It also contains the following subdirectories. <ul> <li><code>original_sequences</code>: contains the multi-FASTA files of the original sequences for each orthologous protein.</li> <li><code>multiple_alignments</code>: contains multiple alignments for each orthologous protein.</li> <li><code>trimmed_alignments</code>: contains multiple alignments for each protein, with positions not suitable for analysis removed. These files are combined into <code>single_protein_dataset.fasta</code>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics
<p>Data for project entitled "Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics" by Marek L. Borowiec</p>
Data from: Convergent and correlated evolution of major life-history traits in the angiosperm genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
Natural selection is expected to cause convergence of life histories among taxa as well as correlated evolution of different life-history traits. Here, we quantify the extent of convergence of five key life-history traits (adult fire survival, seed storage, degree of sexual dimorphism, pollination mode, and seed-dispersal mode) and test hypotheses about their correlated evolution in the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae) from the fire-prone South African fynbos. We reconstructed a new molecular phylogeny of this highly diverse genus that involves more taxa and molecular markers than previously. This reconstruction identifies new clades that were not detected by previous molecular study and morphological classifications. Using this new phylogeny and robust methods that account for phylogenetic uncertainty, we show that the five life-history traits studied were labile during the evolutionary history of the genus. This diversity allowed us to tackle major questions about the correlated evolution of life-history strategies. We found that species with longer seed-dispersal distances tended to evolve lower pollen-dispersal distance, that insect-pollinated species evolved decreased sexual dimorphism, and that species with a persistent soil seed-bank evolved toward reduced fire-survival ability of adults.
Data from: The convergent evolution of snake-like forms by divergent evolutionary pathways in squamate reptiles
Convergent evolution of phenotypes is considered evidence that evolution is deterministic. Establishing if such convergent phenotypes arose through convergent evolutionary pathways is a stronger test of determinism. We studied the evolution of snake-like body shapes in six clades of lizards, each containing species ranging from short-bodied and pentadactyl to long-bodied and limbless. We tested whether body shapes that evolved in each clade were convergent, and whether clades evolved snake-like body shapes following convergent evolutionary pathways. Our analyses showed that indeed species with the same numbers of digits in each clade evolved convergent body shapes. We then compared evolutionary pathways among clades by considering patterns of evolutionary integration and shape of relationship among body parts, patterns of vertebral evolution, and models of digit evolution. We found that all clades elongated their bodies through the addition, not elongation, of vertebrae, and had similar patterns of integration. However, patterns of integration, the body parts that were related by a linear or a threshold model, and patterns of digit evolution differed among clades. These results showed that clades followed different evolutionary pathways. This suggests an important role of historical contingency as opposed to determinism in the convergent evolution of snake-like body shapes.
Data from: The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds
The water vapour permeability barrier of mammals and birds resides in the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis. The molar ratio and molecular arrangement of lipid classes in the SC determine the integrity of this barrier. Increased chain length and polarity of ceramides, the most abundant lipid class in mammalian SC, contribute to tighter packing and thus to reduced cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL). However, tighter lipid packing also causes low SC hydration, making it brittle, whereas high hydration softens the skin at the cost of increasing CEWL. Cerebrosides are not present in the mammalian SC; their pathological accumulation occurs in Gaucher's disease, which leads to a dramatic increase in CEWL. However, cerebrosides occur normally in the SC of birds. We tested the hypothesis that cerebrosides are also present in the SC of bats, because they are probably necessary to confer pliability to the skin, a quality needed for flight. We examined the SC lipid composition of four sympatric bat species and found that, as in birds, their SC has substantial cerebroside contents, not associated with a pathological state, indicating convergent evolution between bats and birds.
Data from: Long-term evolution of the natural isolate of Escherichia coli 536 in the mouse gut colonized after maternal transmission reveals convergence in the constitutive expression of the lactose operon.
In vitro experimental evolution has taught us many lessons on the molecular bases of adaptation. To move towards more natural settings, evolution in the mice gut has been successfully performed. Yet, these experiments suffered from the use of laboratory strains as well as the use of axenic or streptomycin treated mice to maintain the inoculated strains. To circumvent these limitations, we conducted a one-year experimental evolution in vivo using a natural isolate of E. coli, strain 536, in conditions mimicking as much as possible natural environment with mother to offspring microbiota transmission. Mice were then distributed in 24 independent cages and separated in two different diets: a regular one (Chow diet, CD) and high-fat high-sugar one (Western diet, WD). Genome sequences revealed an early and rapid selection during the breast-feeding period that selected the constitutive expression of the well-characterized lactose operon. E. coli was lost significantly more in CD than WD, however, we could not detect any genomic signature of selection, nor any diet specificities during the later part of the experiments. The apparently neutral evolution presumably due to low population size maintained nevertheless at high frequency the early selected mutations affecting lactose regulation. The rapid loss of lactose operon regulation challenges the idea that plastic gene expression is both optimal and stable in the wild.
Data from: Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in palaeognathous birds
A core question in evolutionary biology is whether convergent phenotypic evolution is driven by convergent molecular changes in proteins or regulatory regions. We combined phylogenomic, developmental, and epigenomic analysis of 11 new genomes of paleognathous birds, including an extinct moa, to show that convergent evolution of regulatory regions, more so than protein-coding genes, is prevalent among developmental pathways associated with independent losses of flight. A Bayesian analysis of 284,001 conserved noncoding elements, 60,665 of which are corroborated as enhancers by open chromatin states during development, identified 2355 independent accelerations along lineages of flightless paleognaths, with functional consequences for driving gene expression in the developing forelimb. Our results suggest that the genomic landscape associated with morphological convergence in ratites has a substantial shared regulatory component.
FIGURE 1 in Homortomyces tamaricis sp. nov. and convergent evolution of Homortomyces and Stilbospora
FIGURE 1. RAxML tree based on dataset of LSU sequences. Bootstrap support values for maximum-likelihood (ML) greater than 50% are given above the nodes. The GenBank numbers are given after the species names. The tree is rooted to Amphisphaeria umbrina (AFTOL-ID 1229). All sequences from type strains are in bold.
FIGURE 2 in Homortomyces tamaricis sp. nov. and convergent evolution of Homortomyces and Stilbospora
FIGURE 2. RAxML tree based on combined dataset of LSU and ITS rDNA sequences. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) greater than 50% are given above the nodes. The GenBank numbers are given after the species names. The tree is rooted to Dothidea insculpta (CBS 189.58). All sequences from type strains are in bold.
FIGURE 3 in Homortomyces tamaricis sp. nov. and convergent evolution of Homortomyces and Stilbospora
FIGURE 3. Homortomyces tamarixi (holotype) A, B. Conidiomata on host Tamarix gallica. C. Cross section of conidioma. D−E. Conidioma wall. F. Ostiole. G, H, L. Conidia attach to conidiogenous cells. I−K, M−P. Conidia. Q. Germinating conidium. Scale bars: C, D = 120 µm, E = 60 µm, F−H, L = 30 µm, I−K = 25 µm, M−Q = 25 µm.
Figure 1 in Predatory behaviour in Deltochilum: convergent evolution or a primitive character within a clade?
Figure 1. Flowchart showing the steps of predation in Deltochilum c. viridescens on Spirobolida diplopods.
Figure 2 in Predatory behaviour in Deltochilum: convergent evolution or a primitive character within a clade?
Figure 2. Different stages of feeding behaviour of Deltochilum c. viridescens. (A) Approach and recognition of diplopod; (B) prey attack stage; (C) reaction of the beetle after releasing the defensive substance of diplopod; (D) on-site feeding stage; (E) millipede allocation stage; (F) feeding with alternative resource (fish carcass).
Figure 6 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of 63 spirotrichous taxa, showing the position of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. (boxed), and the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa possessing midventral cirral rows (i.e. urostylids s.l.; branches are depicted by thick lines, and species names are highlighted in bold text). Nodal support for branches in the ML, Bayesian inference (BI), and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees are marked in order. Bootstrap values lower than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities lower than 0.70 are replaced with hyphens. Clades with different topologies in the NJ tree relative to the ML and BI trees are indicated with asterisks. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Phacodinium and Protocruzia were taken as out-group taxa.
Figure 3 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 3. Ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. in morphogenesis (A–D) and regeneration (E–H), after impregnation with protargol. A, an early divider, showing the oral primordium (arrow) and fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowhead) of the proter. The double arrowheads mark the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which comes from the posteriormost FVT streak. B, the same specimen as shown in (A), showing the enlarged macronuclear nodules and the formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows). C, an individual at a late stage of division, with all cirri developed; note the structures that will respectively form the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads) and the delicate left ventral cirri (arrows). The double arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, the differentiating marginal row (arrows) and dorsal kineties; note that the macronuclear nodules are separating. E, F, an early reorganizer, showing the oral primordium (arrow in E), FVT streak (arrowhead), nonmigratory row (double arrowheads) and dorsal kinety anlagen; the arrows in (F) indicate the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows, which are derived within the parental structure. G, H, a middle-stage reorganizer, with a further proliferation of kinetosomes, showing the first frontal cirrus (arrow in G) generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, the basal bodies developed from FVT streaks (arrowhead), the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowheads), and the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows (arrows in H). Abbreviations: DK, dorsal kineties; DKA, dorsal kinety anlagen. Scale bars: 40 Mm.
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