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FIG. 9 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 9. Anterior part of skull of Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5794: A. stereophotographs in front view; and B. photo in lateral view.

FIG. 4 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 4. Dental measurements: A. upper molar; B. lower molar. Abbreviations: llt, length of lower teeth; lut, length of upper teeth; wlt, width of lower teeth; wut, width of upper teeth.

FIG. 16 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 16. Anterior part of skull of Hsiangolestes youngi, IVPP V5081: A. right lateral and B. left lateral views.

FIG. 2 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 2. Photo of the Tianzhifen-near Jixianwan Section, showing the strata of Limuping Formation (Late Paleocene, Gashatan ALMA) and Lingcha Formation (Early Eocene, Bumbanian ALMA).

FIG. 7 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 7. Hsiangolestes youngi skulls in dorsal (A, C, E, G, I) and ventral views (B, D, F, H, J), showing size variation. IVPP V5800 (A, B), V5797 (C, D), V5792 (E, F), V7454 (G, H), V5346 (I, J).

FIG. 8 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 8. Hsiangolestes youngi lower jaws in lateral view, showing size variation. A. IVPP V7435, B. V5793, C. V5794, D. V5795, E. V5801.

FIG. 6 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 6. Dental nomenclature: A. upper molar; B. lower molar. Abbreviations: ccr, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; crdo, cristid obliqua; ec, ectocingulum; ef, ectoflexus; encd, entoconid; encrd, entocristid; hc, hypocone; hcd, hypoconid; hcld, hypoconulid; hfd, hypoflexid; hc sh, hypoconal shelf; mc, metacone; mcd, metaconid; mcl, metaconule; mcr, metacrista; mst, metastyle; pc, paracone; pcd, paraconid; pcl, paraconule; pcr, paracrista; pcrd, paracristid; pomcl cr, postmetaconule crest; popcl cr, postparaconule crest; popr cr, postprotocrista; poprd, postcristid; prcd, protoconid; preci, precingulum; precid, precingulid; prcrd, protocristid; premcl cr, premetaconule crest; prepcl cr, preparaconule crest; prepr cr, preprotocrista; prcrdn, protocristid notch; proc, protocone; pst, parastyle; tad b, talonid basin; trd b, trigonid basin; tr b, trigon basin.

FIG. 1 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships

FIG. 1. Geological sketch map of fossil sites near Hengdong County, Hengyang Basin, Hunan Province, China. At top is a map of central Asia, showing the location of Hengyang Basin (modified from Ting et al., 2003).

FIG. 14 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 14. — Bayesian majority-rule consensus topology of the post-burnin sample of trees for selected taxa (eutherian outgroup and metatherian ingroup), including the thylacosmilid sparassodont Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997, focus of this study. Posterior probability support values> 75% indicated in branches.

FIG. 16 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 16. — Sequential reconstruction of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997: A, modified skull with original mandible; B, smoothed skull after mirroring; C, skull with reconstructed eyes, masticatory muscles and a tongue; D, 3D model of a reconstructed head. Artist: Tatsuya Shinmura. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 11 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 11. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, lower dentition. Left lower dentition in occlusal (A), labial (E) and lingual (F) views; and right lower dentition in occlusal (B), labial (C) and lingual (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 8 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 8. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, posterior portion of the skull: A, detail of basicranium in ventral view; B, lineal draw of the basicranium in ventral view; C, occipital view of the skull. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; cf, carotid foramen; Eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; ips, foramen for the inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular fossa; Ju, jugal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Pt, pterygoid; spht, sphenoidal tubercles (basilar tubercles); Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 5 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 5. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in ventral view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramina; inf, incisive foramen; Ju, jugal; mpf, minor palatine foramen; mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; n, notch; p, pits; pafo, paracanine fossa; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; Px, premaxilla; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 3 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 3. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; UCMP 39705, posterior fragment of right mandibular ramus, in lateral (A), posterior (B) and medial (C) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 4 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 4. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, skull in dorsal view (A) and lineal draw (B). Abbreviations: Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 1 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 1. — Geographical setting of the study area, indicating the collection points of specimens referred to Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 and generalized stratigraphic position. 1, IGM locality 75 (specimen IGM 184247, holotype); 2, UCMP locality V4531 ("Cerro Gordo 2": specimen UCMP 39705); 3, VPPLT locality "Finca Tres Pasos" (specimen VPPLT-1612).

FIG. 15. — 3D in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 15. — 3D digital models of the skull of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997, based on the specimen VPPLT 1612. Original 3D scans of the skull in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views; modified retrodeformed skull with original unmodified mandible, in lateral (C) and anterior (D) views. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 13 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 13. — Consensus tree obtained from parsimony cladistic analysis under equal weights. Bremer supports (from 6411 trees, cut 0) indicated over branches; Bootstrap support values indicated below branches. Supports not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text).

FIG. 10 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 10. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, upper dentition. Right row in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views; left side in occlusal (C) and lingual (D) views; and detail of the incisors area in occlusal view (E). Scale bars: 20 mm.