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824 results for “Discrimination”
Career Within Academia, Survey Report: Embedded Discrimination and Career Tips for junior researchers.
<p>We have asked junior researchers that are or have been engaged in a career within Norwegian academia to share their career experience and perspectives. Despite our comprehensive questionnaire, we collected 193 responses coming from various fields and with different levels of seniority, with a survey combining both closed-ended and open-ended questions.</p> <p><br> A baseline hypothesis in academic policy is that, by increasing the competition to reach a certain position, the best candidates will be selected. We here examine the consequence of this selective path on the competitors and how the selection criteria is perceived by participants in our study.</p> <p>In the second document we disclose the open answers provided by the respondents. To facilitate the navigation in the wide set of tips collected, we subdivided the answer in categories:<br> Work/personal life balance, Academic Career Planning, which contains Network, general strategy tips, CV development, scientific communication and advisor, and Career outside academia tips. At the end of these sections, we collected longer and more comprehensive suggestions in the category "Broad tips".<br> As it can be noted by the answers, a large set of concepts have been discussed by the respondents. Further analysis concerning associations between these observations and its consequences for the candidates, on career tips from researchers to junior researchers**, will be provided in forthcoming publications based on the collected data.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Metabolic rate data and code for: Intra-specific differences in metabolic rates shape carbon stable isotope trophic discrimination factors of muscle tissue in the common teleost Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)
<p>Metabolic rate data and code for: Intra-specific differences in metabolic rates shape carbon stable isotope trophic discrimination factors of muscle tissue in the common teleost Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)</p> <p> </p> <p>The raw data and R-code used to calculate SMR used in the analysis. </p>
Behavioral and ephys data of research paper: Microsecond interaural time difference discrimination restored by cochlear implants after neonatal deafness
<p>The uploaded raw behavioral and electrophysiological data form the basis for our research study on "Microsecond Interaural Time Difference Discrimination Restored by Cochlear Implants After Neonatal Deafness". Based on this data we were able to show that neonatally deafened (ND) rats provided with precisely synchronized cochlear implant stimulation in adulthood can be trained to lateralize interaural time differences (ITDs) with essentially normal behavioral thresholds near 50 μs. Furthermore, comparable ND rats show high physiological sensitivity to ITDs immediately after binaural implantation in adulthood.</p> <p>In addition to the raw data, we provided scripts to analyze the psychometric functions for the ITD sensitivity of our acoustically or electrically stimulated rats (see Fig. 1 of the manuscript). To reproduce the analysis of the electrophysiological data (see Figs. 3+4 of the manuscript), various analysis scripts were added in addition to the raw data. For a detailed description of the data analysis of these data, see section "Data analysis" of the Methods section of our manuscript.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Evolution and plasticity: divergence of song discrimination is faster in birds with innate song than in song learners in Neotropical passerine birds
Plasticity is often thought to accelerate trait evolution and speciation. For example, plasticity in birdsong may partially explain why clades of song learners are more diverse than related clades with innate song. This "song learning" hypothesis predicts that 1) differences in song traits evolve faster in song learners, and 2) behavioral discrimination against allopatric song (a proxy for premating reproductive isolation) evolves faster in song learners. We tested these predictions by analyzing acoustic traits and conducting playback experiments in allopatric Central American sister pairs of song learning oscines (N = 42) and non-learning suboscines (N = 27). We found that non-learners evolved mean acoustic differences slightly faster than did leaners, and that the mean evolutionary rate of song discrimination was 4.3 times faster in non-learners than in learners. This unexpected result may be a consequence of significantly greater variability in song traits in song learners (by 54–79%) that requires song-learning oscines to evolve greater absolute differences in song before achieving the same level of behavioral song discrimination as non-learning suboscines. This points to "a downside of learning" for the evolution of species discrimination, and represents an important example of plasticity reducing the rate of evolution and diversification by increasing variability.
Data from: Reproductive character displacement of female, but not male song discrimination in an avian hybrid zone
Divergence of male sexual signals and female preferences for those signals often maintains reproductive boundaries between closely related, co-occurring species. However, contrasting sources of selection, such as interspecific competition, can lead to weak divergence or even convergence of sexual signals in sympatry. When signals converge, assortative mating can be maintained if the mating preferences of females diverge in sympatry (reproductive character displacement; RCD), but there are few explicit examples. Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) are sympatric with collared flycatchers (F. albicollis) on the Baltic island of Öland, where males from both species compete over nestboxes, their songs converge, and the two species occasionally hybridize. We compare song discrimination of male and female pied flycatchers on Öland and in an allopatric population on the Swedish mainland. Using field choice trials, we show that male pied flycatchers respond similarly to the songs of both species in sympatry and in allopatry, while female pied flycatchers express stronger discrimination against heterospecific songs in sympatry than in allopatry. These results are consistent with RCD of song discrimination of female pied flycatchers where they co-occur with collared flycatchers, which should maintain species assortative mating despite convergence of male sexual signals.
Dynamics of oculomotor direction discrimination
<p>Dataset relative to the following publication:</p> <p>Braun, D.I. & Gegenfurtner, K.R. (2016) Dynamics of oculomotor direction discrimination. <strong>Journal of Vision</strong>, 16(13):4. http://www.journalofvision.org/16/13/4.</p> <p>See the file README.rtf for further information.</p> <p> </p>
Discrimination of curvature from motion during smooth pursuit eye movements and fixation
<p>One folder contains all the data for the main experiment. In the folder you can find a file dataREADME, which explains the format and the content of the individual files. A second folder contains the data files for the additional control experiment with shorter presentation durations. The structure of the data is the same. It includes two folders. One which constains the perceptual data for the shorter presentation durations and one with eye traces of the same participants for the oculometric thresholds. The name of the folder indicates also the length of the presentation duration, either 150 or 300 ms.</p>
Discriminative feature learning for Zero resource spoken term discovery (system #1)
<p>This is a preliminary version. More details about the STD system can be found here:<br> <a href="http://raiith.iith.ac.in/5161/1/1476.PDF">http://raiith.iith.ac.in/5161/1/1476.PDF</a><br> <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d235/7870f53eed854fc65b6b0f78fc62b968f0c6.pdf">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d235/7870f53eed854fc65b6b0f78fc62b968f0c6.pdf</a></p>
Discriminative feature learning for Zero resource spoken term discovery (system #1)
<p>This is a preliminary version. More details about the STD system can be found here:<br> <a href="http://raiith.iith.ac.in/5161/1/1476.PDF">http://raiith.iith.ac.in/5161/1/1476.PDF</a><br> <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d235/7870f53eed854fc65b6b0f78fc62b968f0c6.pdf">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d235/7870f53eed854fc65b6b0f78fc62b968f0c6.pdf</a></p>
Carbon isotope discrimination and yield of winter wheat in an agrivoltaic system (Heggelbach, Herdwangen-Schönach, Germany) from 2016/17 - 2019/20
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Familiarity, homogeneity, and discrimination of song dialects: Data and playback study stimuli
<p>Male songbirds of many species sing local song dialects that are restricted to defined geographical areas. In most tests of responses to local versus foreign dialects, males respond more aggressively to songs from their own dialect, presumably because local males represent more of a threat to their success. We asked how hearing foreign songs during development and territory establishment affects discrimination of the local dialect in wild Savannah sparrows, <em>Passerculus sandwichensis</em>. After foreign songs had been heard from loudspeakers in the study area in at least two consecutive breeding seasons, males reduced the intensity of their responses to the local version of population-specific buzz segment of the song. Four years after the foreign songs were last broadcast on the study area, males again responded more aggressively to the local version of the buzz. As for the basis of these responses, we found no evidence that birds discriminated among dialects by comparing them to their own songs. However, auditory experience with a foreign song, whether during song development (from speaker-simulated song tutors) or during the current breeding season (from neighbours' songs), reduced the intensity of birds' responses to the local buzz type. Both familiarity, in the form of auditory experience with a song type, and homogeneity, when a song type is sung by all or nearly all of the population, appear to contribute to heightened aggressive responses to a local song dialect.</p>
Data from: Does the number of functional olfactory receptor genes predict olfactory sensitivity and discrimination performance in mammals?
<p>The number of functional genes coding for olfactory receptors differs markedly between species and has repeatedly been suggested to be predictive of a species' olfactory capabilities. To test this assumption, we compiled a database of all published olfactory detection threshold values in mammals and used three sets of data on olfactory discrimination performance that employed the same structurally related monomolecular odor pairs with different mammal species. We extracted the number of functional olfactory receptor genes of the 20 mammal species for which we found data on olfactory sensitivity and/or olfactory discrimination performance from the Chordata Olfactory Receptor Database. We found that the overall olfactory detection thresholds significantly correlates with the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. Similarly, the overall proportion of successfully discriminated monomolecular odor pairs significantly correlates with the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. These results provide the first statistically robust evidence for the relation between olfactory capabilities and their genomics correlates. However, when analysed individually, of the 44 monomolecular odorants for which data on olfactory sensitivity from at least five mammal species are available, only five yielded a significant correlation between olfactory detection thresholds and the number of functional olfactory receptors genes. Also, for the olfactory discrimination performance, no significant correlation was found for any of the 74 relationships between the proportion of successfully discriminated monomolecular odor pairs and the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. While only a rather limited amount of data on olfactory detection thresholds and olfactory discrimination scores in a rather limited number of mammal species is available so far, we conclude that the number of functional olfactory receptor genes may be a predictor of olfactory sensitivity and discrimination performance in mammals.</p>
Supporting information for: Discrimination ability of central visual field testing using stimulus size I, II, and III and relationship with macular ganglion cell thickness in chiasmal compression
<p><strong>Purpose</strong><strong>: </strong>To compare the relationship between macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) thickness and 10-2 visual field (VF) sensitivity using different stimulus sizes in patients with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 30 eyes from 25 patients with temporal VF loss on 24-2 SITA standard automated perimetry due to previous chiasmal compression and 30 healthy eyes (23 controls). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macular area and 10-2 VF testing using Goldmann stimulus size I (GI), II (GII), and III (GIII) were performed in the Octopus 900 perimeter. For the sake of analysis, mGCL thickness and VF data were segregated into four quadrants (two temporal and two nasal) and two halves (temporal and nasal) centered on the fovea, and the groups were compared using generalized estimated equations. The discrimination ability of GI, GII, and GIII was evaluated, as was the correlation between mGCL and 10-2 VF sensitivity using GI, GII, and GIII. </p> <p><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>All mGCL parameters were significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. 10-2 VF test sensitivity using GI, GII, and GIII was significantly lower in patients than in controls (p≤0.008) for all parameters, except the three nasal divisions when using GI (p=0.41, 0.07 and 0.18) Significant correlations were found between temporal VF sectors (all stimulus sizes) and the corresponding nasal mGCL measurements, with similar discrimination ability. Significant correlations were also observed between all three nasal VF divisions and the corresponding temporal mGCL thickness when using stimulus sizes I and II, but not stimulus size III.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong><strong>:</strong> On 10-2 VF testing, GII outperformed GI and GIII with regard to discrimination ability and structure-function correlation with mGCL thickness in chiasmal compression. Our findings suggest that the use of GII can enhance the diagnostic power of 10-2 VF testing, although further studies are necessary to support this conclusion.</p>
Data for the Project 'Discriminative ability of instrumented cognitive-motor assessments to distinguish fallers from non-fallers'
<p>Data for the project 'Discriminative ability of instrumented cognitive-motor assessments to distinguish fallers from non-fallers' including a complete dataset with all variables collected in this project ('Data_Discriminative ability of instrumented assessments_for publication.xlsx') and a corresponding README file ('README-File_Data_Discriminative ability of instrumented cognitive-motor assessments to distingush fallers from non-fallers.txt'). The latter provides (1) general information, (2) sharing and access information, (3) data and file overview, (4) methodological information, and (5) data-specific information.</p>
Behavioral discrimination and olfactory bulb encoding of odor plume intermittency
<p>In order to survive, animals often need to navigate a complex odor landscape where odors can exist in airborne plumes. Several odor plume properties change with distance from the odor source, providing potential navigational cues to searching animals. Here, we focus on odor intermittency, a temporal odor plume property that measures the fraction of time odor is present at a given point within the plume and decreases with increasing distance from the odor source. We sought to determine if mice are capable of using changes in intermittency to locate an odor source. To do so, we trained mice on an intermittency discrimination task. We establish that mice can discriminate odor plume samples of low and high intermittency and that the neural responses in the olfactory bulb can account for task performance and support intermittency encoding. Modulation of sniffing, a behavioral parameter that is highly dynamic during odor-guided navigation, affects both behavioral outcomes on the intermittency discrimination task as well as neural representation of intermittency. Together, this work demonstrates that intermittency is an odor plume property that can inform olfactory search and more broadly supports the notion that mammalian odor-based navigation can be guided by temporal odor plume properties.</p>
Dataset for neutron and gamma-ray pulse shape discrimination: radiation pulse signals and discrimination methodologies
<p>This dataset provides neutron and gamma-ray pulse signals for pulse shape discrimination experiments. Serval traditional and recently proposed pulse shape discrimination algorithms are utilized to conduct pulse shape discrimination under raw pulse signals and noise-enhanced datasets. These algorithms include zero-crossing (ZC), charge comparison (CC), falling edge percentage slope (FEPS), frequency gradient analysis (FGA), pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN), ladder gradient (LG), and heterogeneous quasi-continuous spiking cortical model (HQC-SCM). This dataset also provides the source code of all these pulse shape discrimination methods, together with the source code of schematic pulse shape discrimination performance evaluation and anti-noise performance evaluation. Detailed descriptions of this dataset can be found at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18242.</p>
Raman spectra from "Discrimination of immune cell activation using Raman micro-spectroscopy in an in-vitro & ex-vivo model"
<p>The uploaded files are data from Chaudhary et al, 2021 (Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Discrimination of immune cell activation using Raman micro-spectroscopy in an in-vitro & ex-vivo model, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119118).</p> <p>There are two files in .mat format. In one (Preprocessed.mat) the data has been completely pre-processed according to the methods described in the paper.</p> <p>In the second (Unpreprocessed.mat) the data has been calibrated using the methods described in the paper, but has not received further pre-processing.</p> <p>Within both files there are datasets for the spectral measurement from each cell (‘spectra’), together with the treatment which was applied to each sample (‘treatment’) and the wavenumber at which the spectral measurements were made (‘wavenumber’).</p>
Dataset: Testing for effects of growth rate on isotope trophic discrimination factors and evaluating the performance of Bayesian stable isotope mixing models experimentally: a moment of truth?
<p><span>Discerning assimilated diets of wild animals using stable isotopes is well established where potential dietary items in food webs are isotopically distinct. With the advent of mixing models, and Bayesian extensions of such models (Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Models, BSIMMs), statistical techniques available for these efforts have been rapidly increasing. The accuracy with which BSIMMs quantify diet, however, depends on several factors including uncertainty in tissue discrimination factors (TDFs; <em>Δ</em>) and identification of appropriate error structures. Whereas performance of BSIMMs has mostly been evaluated with simulations, here we test the efficacy of BSIMMs by raising domestic broiler chicks (<em>Gallus gallus domesticus</em>) on four isotopically distinct diets under controlled environmental conditions, ideal for evaluating factors that affect TDFs and testing how BSIMMs allocate individual birds to diets that vary in isotopic similarity. For both liver and feather tissues,<em> δ</em><sup>13</sup>C and <em>δ </em><sup>15</sup>N values differed among dietary groups. <em>Δ</em><sup>13</sup>C of liver, but not feather, was negatively related to the rate at which individuals gained body mass. For <em>Δ</em><sup>15</sup>N, we identified effects of dietary group, sex, and tissue type, as well as an interaction between sex and tissue type</span><span><span>, </span></span><span><span>with f</span></span><span>emales having higher liver <em>Δ</em><sup>15</sup>N relative to males. For both tissues, BSIMMs allocated most chicks to correct dietary groups, especially for models using combined TDFs rather than diet specific TDFs, and those applying a multiplicative error structure. These findings provide new information on how biological processes affect TDFs and confirm that adequately accounting for variability in consumer isotopes is necessary to optimize performance of BSIMMs. Moreover, they demonstrate experimentally that these types of models reliably characterize consumed diets when appropriately parameterized.<span> </span></span></p>
Fig. 1 in Scale-Morphometry Study To Discriminate Gibel Carp (Carassius Gibelio) Populations In The Balaton-Catchment (Hungary)
Fig. 1. Overlooking map of sampling areas
Sedimentary structure discrimination with hyperspectral imaging in sediment cores
<p>The LDB17_P11Ax (IGSN: TOAE0000000243); Datation Age 1040 +/- 30 to 2017 CE by core correlation, 14C, lamina counting) core from the Bourget Lake (France) was analyzed in 2018 by hyperspectral imaging. We studied the potential of hyperspectral sensor to image a sediment cores and created machine learning models. The hyperspectral images were acquired in order to develop quantitative (estimating particle size and loss on ignition) and qualitative (detection of instantaneous events or lamina) methods.<br> All these methods allow to reconstruct the past environment and climate at high resolution (pixel size: 50-250 microns) and without destroying the sample for archiving for future analysis.<br> These images have been valorized in publications for the detection of instantaneous events with hyperspectral and combined with XRF data, for the combination of the two images into a composite image.<br> image (.hdr, .dat, .jpg)</p>
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