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525 results for “Displace”
Data from: Reproductive character displacement shapes a spatially structured petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa
Character displacement is a potentially important process driving trait evolution and species diversification. Floral traits may experience character displacement in response to pollinator-mediated competition (ecological character displacement) or the risk of forming hybrids with reduced fitness (reproductive character displacement). We test these and alternative hypotheses to explain a yellow-white petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa, where yellow morphs are spatially associated with a white-petaled congener (L. exigua) that produces hybrids with complete pollen sterility. A reciprocal transplant experiment found limited evidence of local adaptation of yellow color morphs via increased survival and seed set. Pollinator observations revealed that Leavenworthia attract various pollinators that generally favor white petals and exhibit color constancy. Pollen limitation experiments showed that yellow petals do not alleviate competition for pollination. Interspecific pollinator movements were infrequent and low hybridization rates (∼0.40% - 0.85%) were found in each morph, with natural rates likely being lower. Regardless, hybridization rates were significantly higher in white morphs of L. stylosa, yielding a small selection coefficient of s = 0.0042 against this phenotype in sympatry with L. exigua. These results provide support for reproductive character displacement as a mechanism contributing to the pattern of petal color polymorphism in L. stylosa.
Data from: Limited role of character displacement in the coexistence of congeneric Anelosimus spiders in a Madagascan montane forest
Evolutionary and ecological theory predicts that closely related and similar species should coexist infrequently because speciation is more likely to occur allopatrically than sympatrically, and because co-occurring species with similar traits may compete for limited resources, leading to competitive exclusion or character displacement. Here we study the unusual coexistence of 10 similar congeneric species of Anelosimus spiders within a small forest fragment in Madagascar. We asked if these species radiated in sympatry or allopatry, and if there was evidence for local-scale character displacement in body size and other species-level traits. We sampled ∼ 350 colonies (6346 individuals) along a 2800 m transect. We identified colonies using morphology and DNA barcoding, and tested the monophyly of local and regional species assemblages with time-calibrated phylogenies. We used null model analysis and phylogenetic signal inference to test for patterns of segregation in body size, microhabitat, phenology, and seasonality of coexisting species. We found that all species belong to a Madagascan clade that radiated during the Pliocene, but that contemporary local assemblages are non-monophyletic. This is consistent with allopatric speciation during periods of global cooling and expansion of grasslands, and subsequent species assembly as forest fragments re-expanded and coalesced. We found no evidence for character displacement, except for overdispersion and even spacing in phenology: species were segregated by instars in a manner consistent with resource partitioning or maintenance of reproductive isolation. Overdispersion or even spacing in phenology may contribute to coexistence either through resource partitioning or mate recognition. However, there was no support for a scenario of resource partitioning and divergence of body size or other correlated morphological characters. These traits are better explained by evolutionary forces operating during speciation, rather than ecological forces operating during local community assembly.
Data from: Reproductive character displacement of epicuticular compounds and their contribution to mate choice in Drosophila subqinaria and D. recens
Interactions between species can alter selection on sexual displays used in mate choice within species. Here we study the epicuticular pheromones of two Drosophila species that overlap partially in geographic range and are incompletely reproductively isolated. D. subquinaria shows a pattern of reproductive character displacement against D. recens, and partial behavioral isolation between conspecific sympatric vs. allopatric populations, whereas D. recens shows no such variation in mate choice. First, using manipulative perfuming experiments, we show that females use pheromones as signals for mate discrimination both between species and among populations of D. subquinaria. Second, we show that patterns of variation in epicuticular compounds, both across populations and between species, are consistent with those previously shown for mating probabilities: pheromone compositions differ between populations of D. subquinaria that are allopatric vs. sympatric with D. recens, but are similar across populations of D. recens regardless of overlap with D. subquinaria. We also identify differences in pheromone composition among allopatric regions of D. subquinaria. In sum, our results suggest that epicuticular compounds are key signals used by females during mate recognition, and that these traits have diverged among D. subquinaria populations in response to reinforcing selection generated by the presence of D. recens.
Data from: Range-wide spatial mapping reveals convergent character displacement of bird song
A long-held view in evolutionary biology is that character displacement generates divergent phenotypes in closely related coexisting species to avoid the costs of hybridisation or ecological competition, whereas an alternative possibility is that signals of dominance or aggression may instead converge to facilitate coexistence among ecological competitors. Although this counter-intuitive process⎯termed convergent agonistic character displacement⎯is supported by recent theoretical and empirical studies, the extent to which it drives spatial patterns of trait evolution at continental scales remains unclear. By modeling variation in song structure of two ecologically similar species of Hypocnemis antbird across Western Amazonia, we show that their territorial signals converge such that trait similarity peaks in the sympatric zone, where intense interspecific territoriality between these taxa has previously been demonstrated. We also use remote sensing data to show that signal convergence is not explained by environmental gradients and is thus unlikely to evolve by sensory drive (i.e. acoustic adaptation to the sound transmission properties of habitats). Our results suggest that agonistic character displacement driven by interspecific competition can generate spatial patterns opposite to those predicted by classic character displacement theory, and highlight the potential role of social selection in shaping geographical variation in signal phenotypes of ecological competitors.
FIGURES 1–9 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 1–9. Stenichnus godarti. Mature larva patrolling the arena (1–2) and eating an oribatid mite (3–4); pupa five days after pupation (5, 8–9), teneral adult eating uropodine mite (6), and prepupa (7).
FIGURES 23–24 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 23–24. Alternative cephalic setal homology between Stenichnus godarti (23) and St. collaris (24; after Jałoszyński 2013). Setae are organize in presumably homologous groups: labrofrontal I (Lbf1), labrofrontal II (Lbf2), mediolateral (Ml), prestigmal-postantennal (Prs), poststigmal (Pst), dorsal epicranial I (Dep1), dorsal epicranial II (Dep2), and dorsal epicranial posterior (Depp). Abbreviations: AnI, antennal insertion; Es, frontal arm of epicranial suture; Est, epicranial stem; sEs, hypothetically 'shifted' epicranial suture; St, stemma.
FIGURES 21–22 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 21–22. Larva of Stenichnus godarti. Abdomen in dorsal (21) and ventral (22) view (if one half of tergite or sternite bears more setae, setation of the other half is treated as incomplete). Abbreviations: AM, anal membrane; L, lateral seta; l, lentiform structure; mt, microtrichion; P, posterior seta; Sp, spiracle; V, ventral seta.
FIGURES 19–20 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 19–20. Larva of Stenichnus godarti. Thorax in dorsal (19) and ventral (20) views. Abbreviations: A, anterior seta; Cxc, coxal cavity; D, dorsal seta; L, lateral seta; l, lentiform structure; P, posterior seta; Sp, spiracle; T1d, pronotum; T1v, prosternum; T2d, mesonotum; T2v, mesosternum; T3d, metanotum; T3v, metasternum; V, ventral seta; Vl, ventrolateral seta.
FIGURES 29–32 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 29–32. Alternative mesonotal (29, 31) and metanotal (30, 32) setal homology between Stenichnus godarti (29–30) and St. collaris (31–32; after Jałoszyński 2013). Setae are organized in presumably homologous rows: dorsal (D), lateral (L) and posterior (P). Within incomplete rows hypothetically absent setae are marked by asterisks (*).
FIGURES 16–18 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 16–18. Larva of Stenichnus godarti. Left fore leg in posterior view (16), right middle leg in posterior view (17) and right hind leg in anterior view (18). Abbreviations: A, anterior seta; Cx, coxa; D, dorsal seta; Fe, femur; Pd, posterodorsal seta; Pr, pretarsus; Pv, posteroventral seta; sp, spines; Ti, tibiotarsus; Tr, trochanter; V, ventral seta.
FIGURES 25–28 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 25–28. Alternative pronotal setal homology between Stenichnus godarti (25–26) and St. collaris (27–28; after Jałoszyński 2013); variant I (25, 27) and variant II (26, 28) discussed in the text. Setae are organized in presumably homologous rows: dorsal (D) and lateral (L).
FIGURE 16 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 16. Schematic illustration of presumed development of swimming legs in Harpacticoida (part.). A. Hypothetical ancestral state, B–E. Evolutionary modification of coxa and/or FR; see text for explanations.
FIGURE 14 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 14. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov. A. P5 male, B. P4 female, C. Female genital field. Scale bars: 25 µm.
FIGURE 11 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 11. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. Md, B. Mxl, arrows indicate details of gnathobase and coxa, C. Mx, D. Mxp, Syncoxa and basis broken. Scale bars: 25 µm.
FIGURE 10 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 10. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. A1, A'. last 2 antennular segments; * and # showing homologue setae that are bare in A but unipinnate in A'. B. A2 with some broken elements, B' antennar enp of a paratype showing complete setation. Scale bar: 25 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 9. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. right FR, lateral view, B. same FR, dorsal view. Triangular arrows indicating hyaline foliaceous structure. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 7. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., male. A. A1, arrow pointing to protrusion of fifth segment that bears 1 seta and 1 aes; B. P3 enp, * showing enp-2 and enp-3 of the counterpart, with magnification of the apophysis (arrow). Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 4. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. P1 with corresponding intercoxal sclerite; * showing exp-3 of counterpart, B. P5. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 3. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. Md, B. Mxl, * showing the other side of the gnathobase, C. Mx, D. Mxp. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 1. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. Habitus dorsal; triangular arrows indicating different position of furcal seta III in the FR, B. Habitus lateral, C. cuticular spike. Scale bars: A, B: 500 µm, C: 50 µm.
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