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opencc-zeroSep 2013View details →

FIG. 3 in Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia

FIG. 3. — Heterostraci: Traquairaspididae? indet., specimen PIN 3845/4, sample 74-3, Poberezh'e (Coast) section, Chukotka, Arctic far-eastern Russia; Lower Member (4) of Pil'hikaj Formation, Lochkovian. Natural external mould of a fragment of plate of the head carapace. 4A-C, 5A-C, refer to details of ornamentation on Figures 4 and 5 respectively.

opencc-zeroSep 2013View details →

FIG. 9 in Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia

FIG. 9. — Acanthodian scales and tooth from the Lower Devonian of Chukotka, Arctic far-eastern Russia: A, B, Garralepis simplex Burrow, 2002 scale, specimen GIT 580-21 in laterocrown (A) and posterolateral (B) views; C, Ischnacanthiformes? indet., tooth GIT 580- 26; D-F, Nostovicina guangxiensis (Wang, 1992) scales; D, specimen GIT 580-18; E, specimen GIT 580-14; F, specimen GIT 580-15; G-H, Cheiracanthoides rarus Valiukevičius, 1994 scale, specimen GIT 580-20 in crown (G) and anterior (H) views. All from locality (sample) 73, Tonnel'nyj Brook, Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 100 µm; C, 500 µm; D, E, 200 µm; F, 300 µm.

opencc-zeroSep 2013View details →

FIG. 5 in Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia

FIG. 5. — Heterostraci: Traquairaspididae? indet.: A-C, specimen PIN 3845/4 (same as Figures 3 and 4), sample 74-3, Poberezh'e (Coast) section, Chukotka, Arctic far-eastern Russia; Lower (4) Member of Pil'hikaj Formation, Lochkovian; details of superficial ornamentation of areas 5A, B, C as indicated on Fig. 3; D-F, specimen PIN 3845/3, sample 73-4 (74-3), Tonnel'nyj Brook, Chukotka, Arctic far-eastern Russia; Lower Member (4) of Pil'hikaj Formation, Lochkovian; distal end of specimen (D) with details of ornamentation (E, F). Scale bars: A, C, D, 1 cm; B, E, 0.5 cm; F, 0,25 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Fig. 1 in Acanthodian fish trace fossils from the Early Devonian of Spitsbergen

Fig. 1. The structural setting of the Devonian fault graben in NW Svalbard, the distribution of the main Devonian lithostratigraphic units, and the type locality of Undichna septemsulcata isp. nov. (modified after Piepjohn and Thiedig 1997 and Harland et al. 1997).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Fig. 3 in Acanthodian fish trace fossils from the Early Devonian of Spitsbergen

Fig. 3. Idealised trackway of Undichna septemsulcata isp. nov. with the geometric properties (A1, A2, A3 = amplitudes of groove waves; w2 = width of paired grooves; w2', w3a', w3b' = apparent width of paired grooves; λ = wavelength) and the proposed trace maker: an acanthodian with bifurcated and spined pectoral fins, spined pelvic fins and a spined caudal or anal fin.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Redescription of the cranial skeleton of the Early Devonian (Emsian) sarcopterygian Durialepis edentatus Otto, 2007 (Dipnomorpha; Porolepiformes)

Porolepiforms represent a clade of Devonian stem lungfishes, divided into the cosmine-bearing and likely paraphyletic 'Porolepidae' (e.g., Porolepis, Heimenia) and the cosmine-free and stratigraphically younger Holoptychiidae (e.g., Holoptychius, Glyptolepis, Laccognathus). Data on the dermoskeleton are available for both groups, but are more limited for 'porolepids'. Here we present new information on the 'porolepid' Durialepis edentatus from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Germany based on micro-CT scanning. The material comprises an articulated skull of a single three-dimensionally preserved individual. The arrangement of the cheekbones of Durialepis edentatus recalls that of Porolepis brevis, with the occurrence of two subsidiary squamosals. However, the parieto-ethmoidal and postparietal shields are roughly equal in size, a condition similar to that of Glyptolepis groenlandica and intermediate between Porolepis brevis and holoptychiids. A large parasymphysial tooth plate displays five tooth rows with three large tusks in the median row, another intermediate arrangement between the primitive condition of Porolepis sp. (eight rows) and holoptychiids (five or fewer rows). Remarkably among porolepiforms, this dental plate is perfectly symmetrical. Despite the occurrence of cosmine and rhombic scales, the combination of traits displayed in Durialepis deviates from Porolepis in several ways, reflecting features shared with holoptychiids to the exclusion of other 'porolepids'. Durialepis edentatus is thus a key addition to our knowledge of 'porolepid' anatomy. Because Durialepis edentatus preserves much of the cranial and postcranial skeleton in a single individual, it represents a suitable early dipnomorph representative for inclusion in phylogenetic analyses on sarcopterygians and early osteichthyans.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Data from: An Early Devonian actinostelic euphyllophyte with secondary growth from the Emsian of Gaspé (Canada) and the importance of tracheid wall thickening patterns in early euphyllophyte systematics

Secondary growth is a tracheophyte structural feature whose earliest known occurrence dates to the late Pragian-early Emsian. Armoricaphyton, Franhueberia and an unnamed plant from eastern Canada represent the only instances of secondary growth documented to date for the Early Devonian. Here, we describe a new Early Devonian euphyllophyte exhibiting secondary growth, from the Emsian (c. 400-395 Ma) Battery Point Formation (Québec, Canada): Gmujij tetraxylopteroides gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by a mesarch actinostele with Psilophyton-type (P-type) tracheid wall thickenings and exhibits a new type of anatomical organization among Early Devonian wood-producing euphyllophytes. Gmujij differs from coeval euphyllophytes, but lack of data on branching patterns, reproductive structures and other traditional diagnostic features preclude classification among previously recognized euphyllophyte groups. We experiment with a numerical approach to tracheid size distributions, to compare Gmujij with younger euphyllophytes exhibiting secondary growth. Comparisons show similarity between Gmujij and aneurophytalean progymnosperms, such as Tetraxylopteris. However, its plesiomorphic P-type tracheids set apart Gmujij from younger actinostelic euphyllophytes, raising questions on the importance of tracheid thickening patterns as diagnostic characters separating major lineages. Answers to this question hinge on whether transitions between wall thickening patterns require simple or complex changes in developmental regulation, a matter that requires improved understanding of regulatory programs that determine tracheid thickening patterns. Irrespective of these, Gmujij adds a new component to the diversity of anatomically preserved plants known in the Early Devonian, an incompletely explored interval of tracheophyte anatomical diversification, contributing information that will help understanding of the evolutionary origins of secondary growth.

opencc-by-4.0May 2013View details →

Fig. 2 in Early Devonian scolecodonts from Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of the described scolecodonts. Section numbers as in Fig. 1.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2007View details →

Fig. 1 in Sublethal injuries in Early Devonian cephalopod shells from Morocco

Fig. 1. Geologic map of Morocco (A) and detail of the eastern Anti−Atlas (B).

Fig. 26 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 26. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of the Cladodoides endocast.

Fig. 1 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 1. Views of the Cladodoides braincase. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) lateral view;

Fig. 23 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 23. Lateral view (left side) of the Cladodoides endocast (surface rendering).

Fig. 4 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of the Cladodoides braincase (surface rendering).

Fig. 6 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 6. Lateral view of the Cladodoides braincase (surface rendering).

Fig. 24 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 24. Dorsal view of the Cladodoides endocast. Anterior to top.

Fig. 25 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 25. Ventral view of the Cladodoides endocast. Anterior to top.

Fig. 8 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 8. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of the Cladodoides braincase (surface renderings).

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

FIG. 13 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 13. — Reconstruction of Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb.

publicAug 2025View details →

Data for: A new ‘acanthothoracid’ placoderm from the Arctic Canada (Early Devonian) and its bearing on the evolution of jaws and teeth

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