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508 results for “Ecosystem functions”
Meta-analysis on pulse disturbances reveals differences in functional and compositional recovery across ecosystems
Most ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic or natural pulse disturbances, which alter the community composition and functioning for a limited period of time. Whether and how quickly communities recover from such pulses is central to our understanding of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem organization, but also to nature conservation and management. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 508 (semi-)natural field experiments globally distributed across marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. We found recovery to be significant yet incomplete. At the end of the experiments, disturbed treatments resembled controls again when considering abundance (94%), biomass (82%), and univariate diversity measures (88%). Most disturbed treatments did not further depart from control after the pulse, indicating that few studies showed novel trajectories induced by the pulse. Only multivariate community composition on average showed little recovery: disturbed species composition remained dissimilar to the control throughout the experiment. Still, when experiments showed a higher compositional stability, they tended to also show higher functional stability. Recovery was more complete when systems had high resistance, whereas resilience and resistance were negatively correlated. The overall results were highly consistent across studies, but significant differences between ecosystems and organism groups appeared. Future research on disturbances should aim to understand these differences, but also fill obvious gaps in the empirical assessments for regions (especially the tropics), ecosystems and organisms. In summary, we provide general evidence that (semi-)natural communities can recover from pulse disturbances, but compositional aspects are more vulnerable to long-lasting effects of pulse disturbance than the emergent functions associated to them.
Data from: Organic matter and nutrient inputs from large wildlife influence ecosystem function in the Mara River, Africa
Animals can be important vectors for the movement of resources across ecosystem boundaries. Animals add resources to ecosystems primarily through egestion, excretion and carcasses, and the stoichiometry and bioavailability of these inputs likely interacts with characteristics of the recipient ecosystem to determine their effects on ecosystem function. We studied the influence of hippopotamus excretion/egestion and wildebeest carcasses, and their interactions with discharge, in the Mara River, Kenya. We measured nutrient dissolution and decomposition rates of wildlife inputs, the influence of inputs on nutrient concentrations and nutrient limitation in the river and the influence of inputs on biofilm growth and function in both experimental streams and along a gradient of inputs in the river. We found that hippopotamus excretion/egestion increase ammonium and coarse particulate organic matter in the river, and wildebeest carcasses increase ammonium, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. Concentrations of dissolved carbon and nutrients in the water column increased along a gradient of wildlife inputs and during low discharge, although concentrations of particulate carbon decreased during low discharge due to deposition on the river bottom. Autotrophs were nitrogen-limited, and heterotrophs were carbon-limited and nitrogen- and phosphorus- co-limited, upstream of animal inputs, but there was no nutrient limitation downstream of inputs. In experimental streams, hippo and wildebeest inputs together increased biofilm GPP and R. These results differed in the river, where low concentrations of hippo inputs increased gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) of biofilms, but high concentrations of hippo inputs in conjunction with wildebeest inputs decreased GPP. Our research shows that inputs from large wildlife alleviate nutrient limitation and stimulate ecosystem metabolism in the Mara River, and that the extent to which these inputs subsidize the ecosystem is mediated by the quantity and quality of inputs and discharge of the river ecosystem. Thus, animal inputs provide an important ecological subsidy to this river, and animal inputs were likely important in many other rivers prior to the widespread extirpation of large wildlife.
Data from: Ecosystem function in predator-prey food webs - confronting dynamic models with empirical data
1. Most ecosystem functions and related services involve species interactions across trophic levels, e.g. pollination and biological pest control. Despite this, our understanding of ecosystem function in multi-trophic communities is poor, and research has been limited to either manipulations in small communities or statistical descriptions in larger ones. 2. Recent advances in food web ecology may allow us to overcome the trade-off between mechanistic insight and ecological realism. Molecular tools now simplify the detection of feeding interactions, and trait-based approaches allow the application of dynamic food web models to real ecosystems. We performed the first test of an allometric food web model's ability to replicate temporally non-aggregated abundance data from the field, and to provide mechanistic insight into the function of predation. 3. We aimed to reproduce and explore the drivers of the population dynamics of the aphid herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi observed in ten Swedish barley fields. We used a dynamic food web model, taking observed interactions and abundances of predators and alternative prey as input data, allowing us to examine the role of predation in aphid population control. The inverse problem methods were used for simultaneous model fit optimization and model parameterization. 4. The model captured >70% of the variation in aphid abundance in five of ten fields, supporting the model-embodied hypothesis that body-size can be an important determinant of predation in the arthropod community. We further demonstrate how in-depth model analysis can disentangle the likely drivers of function, such as the community's abundance and trait composition. Analyzing the variability in model performance revealed knowledge gaps, such as the source of episodic aphid mortality, and general method development needs that, if addressed, would further increase model success and enable stronger inference about ecosystem function. 5. The results demonstrate that confronting dynamic food web models with abundance data from the field is a viable approach to evaluate ecological theory and to aid our understanding of function in real ecosystems. However, to realize the full potential of food web models, in ecosystem function research and beyond, trait-based parameterization must be refined and extended to include more traits than body size.
Parasitism in ecosystem engineer species: a key factor controlling marine ecosystem functioning
<p>1. Although parasites represent a substantial part of marine communities' biomass and diversity, their influence on ecosystem functioning, especially via the modification of host behaviour, remains largely unknown. Here, we explored the effects of the bopyrid ectoparasite Gyge branchialis on the engineering activities of the thalassinid crustacean Upogebia pusilla and the cascading effects on intertidal ecosystem processes (e.g. sediment bioturbation) and functions (e.g. nutrient regeneration).</p> <p>2. Laboratory experiments revealed that the overall activity level of parasitized mud shrimp is reduced by a factor 3.3 due to a decrease in time allocated to burrowing and ventilating activities (by a factor 1.9 and 2.9 respectively).</p> <p>3. Decrease in activity level led to strong reductions of bioturbation rates and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface.</p> <p>4. Given the worldwide distribution of mud shrimp and their key role in biogeochemical processes, parasite-mediated alteration of their engineering behaviour has undoubtedly broad ecological impacts on marine coastal systems functioning.</p> <p>5. Our results illustrate further the need to consider host-parasite interactions (including trait-mediated indirect effects) when assessing the contribution of species to ecosystem properties, functions and services.</p>
Data from: Little giants: a rapidly invading seagrass alters ecosystem functioning relative to native foundation species
<p>The spread of invasive species is a major component of global ecological change and how and when to manage particular species is a diicult empirical question. Ideally, these decisions should be based on the speciic impacts of invading species including both their efects on native competitors and how they may or may not play similar roles in broader ecosystem functioning. <em>Halophila</em> <em>stipulacea</em> is an invasive seagrass currently spreading through the Caribbean, and as seagrasses are foundation species, the efects of invasion have the potential to be particularly far-reaching. To evaluate the impacts of <em>H. stipulacea</em> we quantiied spread and potential for displacement of native seagrasses as well as the efects of invasion on multiple ecosystem processes, particularly resource support for higher trophic levels and habitat creation. Long-term monitoring suggested that <em>H. stipulacea</em> likely displaces some native seagrasses (<em>Syringodium filiforme</em> and <em>Halodule wrightii</em>), but not others. <em>Halophila stipulacea</em> had lower N and protein levels and higher C:N ratios than native seagrasses, and as such is a poorer quality resource for consumers. We also observed signiicantly lower consumption of <em>H. stipulacea</em> than the native <em>S. filiforme</em> but limited diferences compared to <em>Thalassia testudinum</em>. We found H. stipulacea created a more nutrient limited environment than <em>T. testudinum</em> and there were signiicantly distinct invertebrate assemblages in native- and invasive- dominated seagrass beds, but no diference in species richness or invertebrate biomass. These results suggest that the spread of <em>H. stipulacea</em> would impact a variety of ecological processes, potentially restructuring seagrass ecosystems through both direct impacts on environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient availability) and indirect food web interactions.</p>
Data from: Can avian functional traits predict cultural ecosystem services?
<ol> <li><span>The functional trait diversity of species assemblages can predict the provision of ecosystem services such as pollination and carbon sequestration, but it is unclear whether the same trait-based framework can be applied to identify the factors that underpin cultural ecosystem services and disservices. </span></li> <li><span>To explore the relationship between traits and the contribution of species to cultural ecosystem services and disservices, we conducted 404 questionnaire surveys with birdwatchers and local residents in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.</span></li> <li><span>We used an information-theoretic approach to identify which of 20 functional traits for 199 Costa Rican bird species best predicted their cultural ecosystem service scores related to birdwatching, acoustic aesthetics, education and local identity, as well as disservices (e.g., harm to crops). </span></li> <li><span>We found that diet was the most important variable explaining perceptions of cultural ecosystem service and disservice providers. Aesthetic traits such as plumage colour and pattern were important in explaining birdwatching scores. We also found people have a high affinity for forest-affiliated birds. </span></li> <li><span>The insight that functional traits can explain variation among cultural perspectives on values derived from birds offers a first step towards a trait-based system for understanding the species attributes that underpin cultural ecosystem services and disservices.</span></li> </ol>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group F1.3 Freeze-thaw rivers and streams
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>F1.3 Freeze-thaw rivers and streams</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Influences of Satellite Sensor and Scale on Derivation of Ecosystem Functional Types and Diversity
<p>These are the datasets where were generated for paper "Influences of Satellite Sensor and Scale on Derivation of Ecosystem Functional Types and Diversity"</p>
Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning
<p>Data and code accompanying the paper:</p> <p>Bernardino, P., De Keersmaecker, W., Horion, S., Oehmcke, S., Gieseke, F., Fensholt, R., Van De Kerchove, R., Lhermitte, S., Abel, C., Van Meerbeek, K., Verbesselt, J., and Somers, B. 2024. Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning. Nature Climate Change, doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02201-0.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Price equations for understanding the response of ecosystem function to community change
<p>Biodiversity-ecosystem function research in natural ecosystems would benefit from new theoretical and analytical tools that match common characteristics of observational community data. To this end, we developed a novel, abundance-based version of the ecological Price equation in both discrete and continuous forms. As part of the presentation of this new method, we conducted two demonstration analyses.</p> <p>The first analysis focuses on pollination of watermelon by wild bees. We net-collected wild pollinator specimens from standard areas of flowering watermelon crop at 16 replicated farms in 2012. We also measured how many pollen grains each bee species deposited per visit. These per-visit pollen deposition rates were estimated as a genus-level property, as is common for landscape pollination studies. To determine total pollination for each bee species at each site, we multiplied pollinator visitation rates and per-visit pollen deposition. The attached data includes site by species matrices for the abundance (watermelon_com.csv) and per-capita pollen deposition (watermelon_fun.csv) of bee species.</p> <p>The second analysis focuses on changes in total community biomass of stream invertebrates collected from 25 sites along a strong, continuous pollution gradient. These data were previously published by Pomeranz et al. (2019), accessible at the Dryad link given below. Specimens were individually measured and assigned to one of six functional groups. Finer taxonomic resolution is available in the original study, but we use functional groups here to get enough data to effectively model. The attached data includes site by functional group matrices for the abundance (stream_inverts.csv) and per-capita biomass (stream_invert_size.csv) of stream invertebrate functional groups, and a third .csv which describes the level of pollution at each site (steam_data.csv).</p> <p>The code is a single R code file which produces the results and figures found in the manuscript. We have also included a README and several .csv files (those described above) that need to be read in.</p> <p>These data may be useful for other analyses of variation in ecosystem function across sites. We stress that the stream invertebrate data were collected by Pomeranz et al. (2019) and they should be cited for any use those data. The relevant link to access their data is: https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.v6g985s</p>
Functional composition of plant communities mediates biomass effects on ecosystem service recovery across an experimental dryland restoration network
<p>Land degradation can result in a loss of critical ecosystem services that we often seek to restore through re-establishment of desired plant communities. Trait-based approaches have the potential to target specific ecosystem services based on associations between the functional composition of plant communities and ecosystem properties that serve as indicators of those services. The effect of functional composition on ecosystem recovery may depend on the amount of restored plant biomass, itself a supporting service frequently targeted in restoration efforts. Yet, interactions between functional composition and biomass are not formally integrated into trait-based analytical frameworks. We tested the hypothesis that functional composition of plant communities both drives, and interacts with, biomass production to influence indicators of soil functioning and weed suppression across a network of degraded dryland restoration experiments. This networked approach allowed us to identify generalized effects of functional composition on ecosystem recovery across a range of dryland climate conditions. Climate had a substantial effect on ecosystem indicators, with weed cover and soil surface stability increasing in more arid climates, water infiltration increasing with precipitation, and aggregate structure increasing with less freezing. After accounting for climate effects across study sites, we found significant effects of community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values on biomass, particularly a positive effect of leaf carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and of CWM-biomass interactions on other ecosystem indicators. Cover of exotic species was reduced in restored communities with a combination of low leaf dry matter content and high biomass, soil water infiltration increased with lower specific root length and high biomass, and soil aggregate stability increased with higher root dry matter content and high biomass, among other effects. Functional diversity had no significant effects on any ecosystem indicators. Synthesis: The influence of community functional composition on ecosystem properties increases with community biomass, particularly in disturbed or low productivity systems. This suggests that active management should not only focus on trait values that optimize individual ecosystem indicators, but also how those functional strategies are complementary or counter to those that increase biomass.</p>
Grazing and global change factors differentially affect biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in grassland ecosystems
<p><span>Grazing and </span><span>global change</span><span> (e.g., warming, nitrogen deposition</span> <span>and altered precipitation</span><span>) both contribute to biodiversity loss and alter ecosystem structure and function</span><span>ing</span><span>. However, how grazing and </span><span>global </span><span>change interactively influence plant diversity, ecosystem productivity, and the</span><span>ir relationship </span><span>remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we synthesized 73 field studies to quantify the individual and/or interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on biodiversity-</span><span>productivity relationship</span><span> in grasslands.</span><span> Our results showed that grazing significantly reduced plant richness by 3.7% and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) by 29.1%, but increased belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) by 9.3%. Global change factors, however, decreased richness by 8.0% but increased ANPP and BNPP by 13.4% and 14.9%, respectively</span><span>. Interestingly, the strengt</span><span>h of the change in biodiversity in response to grazing was positively correlated with</span> <span>the strength of the change in BNPP. Yet, global change flipped these relationships from positive to negative even when combined with grazing</span><span>.</span><span> These results indicate that the impacts of global change factors are more dominant than grazing on the</span><span> belowground</span> <span>biodiversity-productivity relationship, which</span><span> is contrary to the pattern of aboveground one</span><span>.</span><span> Therefore, incorporating global change factors with herbivore grazing into Earth system models is necessary to accurately predict climate-grassland </span><span>carbon</span><span> cycle feedbacks in the Anthropocene.</span></p>
Data from: Environmental filtering of macroinvertebrate traits influences ecosystem functioning in a large river floodplain
<p>The Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function hypothesis postulates that higher biodiversity is correlated with faster ecosystem process rates and increased ecosystem stability in fluctuating environments. Exhibiting high spatio-temporal habitat diversity, floodplains are highly productive ecosystems, supporting communities that are naturally resilient and highly diverse. </p> <p>We examined linkages among floodplain wetland habitats, invertebrate communities and their associated traits, and ecosystem function across 60 sites within the floodplain wetlands of the lower Wolastoq | Saint John River, New Brunswick, using structural equation modelling and Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis (TITAN2). </p> <p>We identified key environmental filters structuring invertebrate communities, by linking increased niche differentiation through shoreline change, flood pulse dynamics, and macrophyte bed complexity with increased taxa and functional diversity. </p> <p>Examination of traits linked to ecosystem functions revealed that more resilient wetlands with balance between primary productivity and decomposition as carbon sources were associated with greater functional evenness and richness, while habitat patches with elevated decomposition rates had lower functional richness, reflecting a simplified, more disturbed habitat. </p> <p>While our more complex overarching SEM model was ultimately compromised by an overspecified number of pathways, our results nevertheless are indicative of a divergence between wetland and riverine ecosystems in their relationships linking biodiversity and ecosystem function, illustrating how to define ecosystem health in wetland habitats, and demonstrating how critical functions support healthy wetland habitats by providing increased resilience to disturbance.</p>
Harnessing interactions between traits and the environment to improve predictions of ecosystem functioning
<p>The data correspond to the manuscript entitled "Harnessing interactions between traits and the environment to improve predictions of ecosystem functioning". Data needed to reproduce the figure 2 about springtails colonisation of defaunated soil blocks, from two different environments (forest or meadow), with the springtail species classified according to the supposed dispersal ability. S<span>pecies with long legs and antennae, a well-developed jumping apparatus (furcula), and a complete visual apparatus were considered to be able to disperse more rapidly on their own and were thus categorized as “fast” dispersers. Other species with reduced locomotor and vision organs were categorized as “slow” dispersers </span><span>(Ponge <em>et al.</em> 2006a)</span><span>. </span></p> <p><span>The "number of individuals" corresponds to the number of individuals found in each defaunated soil block after one week in the initial data set (Auclarc et al., 2009).</span></p> <p><span>Ponge J-F, Dubs F, Gillet S, et al. 2006a. Decreased biodiversity in soil springtail communities: the importance of dispersal and landuse history in heterogeneous landscapes. </span>Soil Biol Biochem 38: 1158–61.</p> <p><span>Auclerc A, Ponge JF, Barot S, and Dubs F. 2009. Experimental assessment of habitat preference and dispersal ability of soil springtails. </span>Soil Biol Biochem 41: 1596–604.</p>
Data from: Do Tasmanian devil declines impact ecosystem function?
<p>Tasmanian eucalypt forests are among the most carbon-dense in the world, but projected changes in climate could destabilize this critical carbon sink. While the impact of abiotic factors on forest ecosystem carbon dynamics have received considerable attention, biotic factors, such as the input of animal scat, are less understood. Tasmanian devils (<em>Sarcophilus harrisii</em>)—an osteophageous scavenger that can ingest and solubilize nutrients locked in bone material—may subsidize plant and microbial productivity by concentrating bioavailable nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) in scat latrines. Dramatic declines in devil population densities are driven by the spread of a transmissible cancer and may have underappreciated consequences for soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and forest productivity by altering nutrient cycling. Here, we fuse experimental data and modeling to quantify and predict future changes to forest productivity and SOC under various climate and scat-quality futures. We find that devil scat significantly increases concentrations of nitrogen, ammonium, phosphorus, and phosphate in the soil, and shifts soil microbial communities towards those dominated by r-selected (e.g., fast-growing) phyla. Further, under simulated increases in temperature and precipitation, devil scat inputs are projected to increase above- and belowground net primary productivity and microbial biomass carbon through 2100. In contrast, when devil scat is replaced by lower-quality scat (e.g., from non-osteophageous scavengers and herbivores), forest carbon pools either increase more slowly or decline. Together, our results suggest biotic factors will interact with climate change to drive current and future carbon pool dynamics in Tasmanian forests.</p>
Finkler et al. Short-term Effects of Wildfire on Ecosystem Functioning in a Tropical Headwater Stream.
<p>Dataset used for the manuscript "Short-term Effects of Wildfire on Ecosystem Functioning in a Tropical Headwater Stream" by Finkler et al.</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T1.3 Tropical/Subtropical montane rainforests
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T1.3 Tropical/Subtropical montane rainforests</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Data from: Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones
<p>River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth’s biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented “next-generation biomonitoring” by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.</p>
Assessing key ecosystem functions through soundscapes: a new perspective from coral reefs (Acoustic dataset)
<p>Acoustic dataset associated to "Assessing key ecosystem functions through soundscapes: a new perspective from coral reefs" - article published in Ecological Indicators (2019) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105623">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105623</a></p> <p>All details about sampling are available in the Material and Methods section.</p> <p>Sound sample names are coded as follows : SITE_acq_hydro_100k_DDMMYY_HHMMSS.wav ; with HHMMSS in Local Time (UTC+3)</p>
Macro-scale analysis of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in lakes (github repository)
<p>National Lakes Assessment biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships across the continental United States. This is an archived version of a github repository, containing data and R code. The repository can also be found online https://github.com/cont-limno/NLA-Diversity-.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.