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Figure 7 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 7. Preferred use of fronds of Selaginella geniculata as substrates for oviposition in Espadarana prosoblepon in a population in the Botanical Garden at Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia. The expected legend refers to the number of clutches that should be found in a given substrate category according to the abundance of these in the habitat; the observed legend refers to the actual number of clutches found per substrate category in this study. The category 'Leaves' refers to leaves of species other than S. geniculata while 'Others' refers to branches, trunks, and rocks.

Figure 6 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 6. (a) Amplexus, (b) oviposition, (c) abandonment of the oviposition site by the male and (d) egg attendance by the female in Espadarana prosoblepon.

Figure 5 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 5. (a) Relationship between the body size of males, and chorus tenure (i.e. number of nights a same male was recorded over the duration of the study or until was recorded in amplexus). (b) Influence of chorus tenure in males and their probability of mating. (c) Lack of assortative mating by body size of individuals in amplexus. (d) Relationship between the body size of the females and the size of their egg clutches. Regression line is showed only for the statistically significant tendency at α = 0.05.

Figure 4 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 4. Variation of (a) rainfall and environmental temperature; (b) number of males and females; and (c) egg clutches in the study area between December 2013 and November 2015. Extensions of the bars in the middle figure indicate standard deviation.

Figure 3 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 3. Frequency of activity (number of nights a same individual was observed) of males (left plot) and females (right plot) of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon between December 2013 and November 2015 in the Botanical Garden at Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Central Andes of Colombia.

Figure 2 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 2. Example of patterns of black and yellow dots observed on the back of adult individuals of Espadarana prosoblepon and used to monitor males and females.

Figure 1 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Figure 1. Geographic location of the study area in the Botanical Garden at Universidad del Quindío Armenia, Central Andes of Colombia (orange dot: La Aldana creek).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Data from: Ovipositor and mouthparts in a fossil insect support a novel ecological role for early orthopterans in 300 million years old forests

A high portion of the earliest known, Pennsylvanian, insect fauna is composed of the so-called 'lobeattid insects', which systematic affinities and role as foliage feeders remain debated. We investigated hundreds of samples of a new lobeattid species from the Xiaheyan locality using a combination of photographic techniques, including Reflectance Transforming Imaging, and geometric morphometrics, to document its morphology, and infer its phylogenetic position and ecological role. Ctenoptilus frequens sp. nov. possessed a sword-shaped ovipositor whose valves interlocked by two ball-and-socket mechanisms. This unambiguously supports lobeattids as stem-relatives of all living Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, katydids). Given the herein presented and other remains, it follows that this group experienced an early diversification coupled with high numbers of individuals. The ovipositor shape additionally indicates that ground was the preferred substrate for eggs. Visible mouthparts made it possible to assess the efficiency of the mandibular food uptake system in comparison to a wide array of extant species. The new species was omnivorous which explains the paucity of external damage on contemporaneous plant foliage.

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Effects of multiple types' ecological factors on the body mass of small rodents in a forest ecosystem

The body mass of animals is directly or indirectly affected by multiple ecological factors. However, the effects of ecological factors on body mass are controversial, and a comprehensive study dealing with diverse ecological factors is rare. This study was performed to determine the effects of ecological factors on the body mass of small rodents in a natural deciduous forest located on Mt. Gariwang, Pyeongchang, and Jeongseon, South Korea from May 2019 to October 2020. We classified ecological factors into topographic, climatic, cover, and demographic factors. Three forest-dwelling small rodent species, striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), Korean field mouse (A. peninsulae), and red-backed vole (Myodes regulus), were captured using the capture-mark-recapture method. The findings showed that the body mass of three rodent species was not regulated by topographic factors. In addition, a high ambient temperature resulted in a heavy body mass for A. agrarius and A. peninsulae, and the A. agrarius body mass was negatively affected by extreme rainfall. The body mass of each rodent species had a specific response to the cover factors: ground vegetation, understory vegetation, or downed trees. The three species showed sexual dimorphism and two Apodemus species competed with each other. This study reveals that ecological factors affecting body mass differ among species. Our findings contribute to enhancing the understanding of variation in the body mass of animals, particularly small rodents, in response to diverse ecological factors.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Dataset. Socio-ecological metabolism and rural livelihood conditions: two case studies on forest litter uses in France and Poland (1875-1910)

This Datasets is the supplementary Material to the paper :"Socio-ecological metabolism and rural livelihoo conditions: two case studies on forest litter uses in France and Poland (1875-1910)".

Fig. 4 in Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic

Fig. 4.—Mean (± SD) length (km) of linear features (roads, random lines) and area (ha) of rectangular features (oilpads, random rectangles) overlapped by Big Cypress fox squirrel male and female 95% home range kernels from 2007 to 2011, within the Raccoon Point area of Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida.

Fig. 2 in Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic

Fig. 2.—Mean (± SD) percent overlap of individual Big Cypress fox squirrel 95% home range kernels by dyad (MF = males overlapping females, MM = males overlapping males, FF = females overlapping females) within the Raccoon Point area of Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. Overlaps are summarized for animals that actually overlapped in time and space from 2007 to 2011 (i.e., telemetry data were collected contemporaneously) and animals that potentially overlapped spatially (i.e., home ranges were calculated across years and seasons and overlaps calculated among all home ranges independent of year and season). Means were calculated from overlapping kernels only.

Fig. 1 in Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic

Fig. 1.—Color phases of Big Cypress fox squirrels captured from 2007 to 2011 within the Raccoon Point area of Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. A) Orange phase BCFS (n = 17); B) Black phase BCFS (n = 6); C) Tan phase BCFS (n = 1). Photos copyright Ralph Arwood. BCFS = Big Cypress fox squirrels.

Fig. 3 in Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic

Fig. 3.—Comparison of use versus availability for 7 vegetation types used by Big Cypress fox squirrels from 2007 to 2011, in the Raccoon Point area of Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. Bars represent the mean percentage of each vegetation community type used minus the mean percentage of vegetation community type available at 3 orders of selection.

Fig. 5 in Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic

Fig. 5.—Total male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) Big Cypress fox squirrel food item use (n = 702) percentage per month within the Raccoon Point area of Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, from 2007 to 2011.

FIG. 2 in Geographical Ecology ofTropidurus hispidus(Squamata: Tropiduridae) andCnemidophorus ocellifer(Squamata: Teiidae) in a Neotropical Region: A Comparison among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Coastal Populations

FIG. 2. Microhabitat use percentages of Cnemidophorus ocellifer and Tropidurus hispidus lizards from Caatinga, Restinga, and Atlantic Forest populations. Numbers represent sample sizes.

FIG. 4 in Geographical Ecology ofTropidurus hispidus(Squamata: Tropiduridae) andCnemidophorus ocellifer(Squamata: Teiidae) in a Neotropical Region: A Comparison among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Coastal Populations

FIG. 4. Monthly distribution of Tropidurus hispidus and Cnemidophorus ocellifer individuals from Caatinga, Restinga, and Atlantic Forest lizard populations, according to snout–vent length (mm).

FIG. 1 in Geographical Ecology ofTropidurus hispidus(Squamata: Tropiduridae) andCnemidophorus ocellifer(Squamata: Teiidae) in a Neotropical Region: A Comparison among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Coastal Populations

FIG. 1. Collection sites for Cnemidophorus ocellifer and Tropidurus hispidus from this study. Numbers refer to each field site: 1 = restinga of Barra do Cunhaú, Canguaretama municipality; 2 = Atlantic Forest where T. hispidus were collected, João Pessoa municipality; 3 = Atlantic Forest where C. ocellifer were collected, Mamanguape municipality; 4 = Caatinga, Cabaceiras municipality.

FIG. 3 in Geographical Ecology ofTropidurus hispidus(Squamata: Tropiduridae) andCnemidophorus ocellifer(Squamata: Teiidae) in a Neotropical Region: A Comparison among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Coastal Populations

FIG. 3. Annual reproductive cycle of Tropidurus hispidus lizards from Caatinga, Restinga, and Atlantic Forest populations. Bars represent percentages of reproductively active adult females and males, with the numbers above bars representing the total number of adult lizards. Line represents annual variation of monthly pluviometric averages.

FIG. 5 in Geographical Ecology ofTropidurus hispidus(Squamata: Tropiduridae) andCnemidophorus ocellifer(Squamata: Teiidae) in a Neotropical Region: A Comparison among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Coastal Populations

FIG. 5. Annual reproductive cycle of Cnemidophorus ocellifer lizards from Caatinga, Restinga, and Atlantic Forest populations. Bars represent percentages of reproductively active adult females and males, with the numbers above bars representing the total number of adult lizards. Line represents annual variation of monthly pluviometric averages.