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218 results for “Leopards”
Summer circumpolar acoustic occurrence and call rates of Ross (Ommatophoca rossii) and leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx) seals in the Southern Ocean
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Data from: Range-wide snow leopard phylogeography supports three subspecies
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Data from: Status of the mountain ungulate prey of the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi, Mongolia
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Leopard (Panthera pardus) occupancy in the Chure range of Nepal
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Leopard occupancy correlates with tiger and prey occurrences
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Prey selection by leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in the mid-hill region of Nepal
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Data from: Distribution and human caused mortality of Persian leopards Panthera pardus saxicolor in Iran, based on unpublished data and Farsi gray literature
Gray literature and data from unpublished sources can provide important scientific information that has not been published scientifically. The Persian leopard (hereafter leopard) Panthera pardus saxicolor is classed as endangered on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and also is one of the least-studied subspecies of leopard. It occurs in the Caucasus and Central and Southwest Asia. Iran contains more than 75% of the leopard's extant range, and the leopard population in this country serves as a source for neighboring countries. In this study, we determined the distribution and human caused mortality of leopards in Iran, by reviewing unpublished data and Farsi gray literature (which includes government reports) between 1 January 2010 and 30 December 2018. We created the most recent distribution map of the leopard in Iran. Our data display that human caused mortality of leopard in Iran mostly includes poaching and intentional poisoning, and road-kill.
Figure 4 from: Qi S, Wang J, Grismer LL, Chen H-H, Lyu Z-T, Wang Y-Y (2020) The Stoor Hobbit of Guangdong: Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov., a cave-dwelling Leopard Gecko (Squamata, Eublepharidae) from South China. ZooKeys 991: 137-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.991.54935
Figure 4 Comparisons of iris color with three closely related congeners AGoniurosaurus gollum sp. nov. (holotype, SYS r002420) BGoniurosaurus varius (holotype, SYS r002333) CGoniurosaurus yingdeensis (holotype SYSr000504) DGoniurosaurus zhelongi (holotype, SYS r000770). Photographs by Shuo Qi and Ying-Yong Wang.
Figure 3 from: Qi S, Wang J, Grismer LL, Chen H-H, Lyu Z-T, Wang Y-Y (2020) The Stoor Hobbit of Guangdong: Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov., a cave-dwelling Leopard Gecko (Squamata, Eublepharidae) from South China. ZooKeys 991: 137-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.991.54935
Figure 3 Type series of Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov. A holotype, male, SYS r002420 B paratype, male, SYS r002421 C paratype, female, SYS r002421; (1) dorsal view; (2) dorsal view of head; (3) ventral view of head; (4) close-up of the precloacal region, the Arabic number refer to the number of precloacal pores. Photographs by Shuo Qi.
Figure 2 from: Qi S, Wang J, Grismer LL, Chen H-H, Lyu Z-T, Wang Y-Y (2020) The Stoor Hobbit of Guangdong: Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov., a cave-dwelling Leopard Gecko (Squamata, Eublepharidae) from South China. ZooKeys 991: 137-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.991.54935
Figure 2 A The general aspect of the adult male holotype of Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov. (SYS r002420) in life B scalation and coloration characters of the head of the holotype. Photographs by Shuo Qi.
Figure 1 from: Qi S, Wang J, Grismer LL, Chen H-H, Lyu Z-T, Wang Y-Y (2020) The Stoor Hobbit of Guangdong: Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov., a cave-dwelling Leopard Gecko (Squamata, Eublepharidae) from South China. ZooKeys 991: 137-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.991.54935
Figure 1 Bayesian inference tree of 14 species of Goniurosaurus, based on the partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and Cytb genes. Hemitheconyx taylori is the outgroup. Numbers before slash indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and numbers after slash are bootstrap support for ML (1000 replicates) analyses.
Figure 5 from: Qi S, Wang J, Grismer LL, Chen H-H, Lyu Z-T, Wang Y-Y (2020) The Stoor Hobbit of Guangdong: Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov., a cave-dwelling Leopard Gecko (Squamata, Eublepharidae) from South China. ZooKeys 991: 137-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.991.54935
Figure 5 The holotype of Goniurosaurus gollum sp. nov. (SYS r002420) at its habitat: a barren limestone cave of Guangdong, China. Photograph by Shuo Qi.
Preparatory immunity: Seasonality of mucosal skin defenses and Batrachochytrium infections in Southern leopard frogs
<ol> <li>Accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on wildlife health requires a deeper understanding of seasonal rhythms in host–pathogen interactions. The amphibian pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), exhibits seasonality in incidence; however, the role that biological rhythms in host defences play in defining this pattern remains largely unknown.</li> <li>The aim of this study was to examine whether host immune and microbiome defences against <em>Bd</em> correspond with infection risk and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity.</li> <li>Over the course of a year, five populations of Southern leopard frogs (<em>Rana</em> [<em>Lithobates</em>] <em>sphenocephala</em>) in Tennessee, United States, were surveyed for host immunity, microbiome and pathogen dynamics. Frogs were swabbed for pathogen load and skin bacterial diversity and stimulated to release stored antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Secretions were analysed to estimate total hydrophobic peptide concentrations, presence of known AMPs and effectiveness of <em>Bd</em> growth inhibition in vitro. The diversity and proportion of bacterial reads with a 99% match to sequences of isolates known to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth in vitro were used as an estimate of predicted anti‐<em>Bd</em> function of the skin microbiome.</li> <li> <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> dynamics followed the expected seasonal fluctuations—peaks in cooler months—which coincided with when host mucosal defences were most potent against <em>Bd</em>. Specifically, the concentration and expression of stored AMPs cycled synchronously with <em>Bd</em> dynamics. Although microbiome changes followed more linear trends over time, the proportion of bacteria that can function to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth was greatest when risk of <em>Bd</em> infection was highest.</li> <li>We interpret the increase in peptide storage in the fall and the shift to a more anti‐<em>Bd</em> microbiome over winter as a preparatory response for subsequent infection risk during the colder periods when AMP synthesis and bacterial growth is slow and pathogen pressure from this cool‐adapted fungus is high. Given that a decrease in stored AMP concentrations as temperatures warm in spring likely means greater secretion rates, the subsequent decrease in prevalence suggests seasonality of <em>Bd</em> in this host may be in part regulated by annual immune rhythms, and dominated by the effects of temperature.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Flexibility in the duration of parental care: female leopards prioritise cub survival over reproductive output
1.Deciding when to terminate care of offspring is a key consideration for parents. Prolonging care may increase fitness of current offspring, but it can also reduce opportunities for future reproduction. Despite its evolutionary importance, few studies have explored the optimal duration of parental care, particularly among large carnivores. 2.We used a 40-year dataset to assess the trade-offs associated with the length of maternal care in leopards in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa. We compared the costs imposed by care on the survival and residual reproductive value of leopard mothers against the benefits derived from maternal care in terms of increased offspring survival, recruitment and reproduction. We also examined the demographic and ecological factors affecting the duration of care in light of five explanatory hypotheses: litter-size, sex-allocation, resource-limitation, timing-of-independence, and terminal-investment. 3.Duration of care exhibited by female leopards varied markedly, from 9–35 months. Mothers did not appear to suffer any short- or long-term survival costs from caring for cubs, but extending care reduced the number of litters that mothers could produce during their lifetimes. Interestingly, the duration of care did not appear to affect the post-independence survival or reproductive success of offspring (although it may have indirectly affected offspring survival by influencing dispersal distance). However, results from generalised linear mixed models showed that mothers prolonged care during periods of prey scarcity, supporting the resource-limitation hypothesis. Female leopards also cared for sons longer than daughters, in line with the sex-allocation hypothesis. 4.Cub survival is an important determinant of the lifetime reproductive success in leopards. By buffering offspring against environmental perturbation without jeopardizing their own survivorship, female leopards apparently 'hedge their bets' with current offspring rather than gamble on future offspring which have a small probability of surviving. 5.In many species, parents put their own needs before that of their offspring. Leopard mothers appear sensitive to their offspring's demands, and adjust levels of care accordingly.
Data from: Directional selection in the evolution of elongated upper canines in clouded leopards and sabre-toothed cats
Extremely developed or specialised traits such as the elongated upper canines of extinct sabre-toothed cats are often not analogous to those of any extant species, which limits our understanding of their evolutionary cause. However, an extant species may have undergone directional selection for a similar extreme phenotype. Among living felids, the clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, has exceptionally long upper canines for its body size. We hypothesised that directional selection generated the elongated upper canines of clouded leopards in a manner similar to the process in extinct sabre-toothed cats. To test this, we developed an approach that compared the effect of directional selection among lineages in a phylogeny using a simulation of trait evolution and approximate Bayesian computation. This approach was applied to analyse the evolution of upper canine length in the Felidae phylogeny. Our analyses consistently showed directional selection favouring longer upper canines in the clouded leopard lineage and a lineage leading to the sabre-toothed cat with the longest upper canines, Smilodon. Most of our analyses detected an effect of directional selection for longer upper canines in the lineage leading to another sabre-toothed cat, Homotherium, although this selection may have occurred exclusively in the primitive species. In all the analyses, the clouded leopard and Smilodon lineages showed comparable directional selection. This implies that clouded leopards share a selection advantage with sabre-toothed cats in having elongated upper canines.
FIGURE 11 in The missing leopard lizard: Liolaemus ubaghsi sp. nov., a new species of the leopardinus clade (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemidae) from the Andes of the O'Higgins Region in Chile
FIGURE 11. Habitat of L. ubaghsi. Photo: Alejandra Alzamora.
FIGURE 3. L in The missing leopard lizard: Liolaemus ubaghsi sp. nov., a new species of the leopardinus clade (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemidae) from the Andes of the O'Higgins Region in Chile
FIGURE 3. L. leopardinus from El Colorado, Metropolitan Region. Photo: Damien Esquerré.
FIGURE 1 in The missing leopard lizard: Liolaemus ubaghsi sp. nov., a new species of the leopardinus clade (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemidae) from the Andes of the O'Higgins Region in Chile
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Liolaemus ubaghsi. MNHNCL 3813.
Supplementary material 1 from: Din JU, Bari F, Ali H, Rehman E, Adli DSH, Abdullah NA, Norma-Rashid Y, Kabir M, Hameed S, Nawaz DA, Nawaz MA (2022) Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management. Nature Conservation 46: 49-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.46.76036
Questionnaire 1
Supplementary material 1 from: Mirza ZA, Gnaneswar C (2022) Description of a new species of leopard geckos, Eublepharis Gray, 1827 from Eastern Ghats, India with notes on Eublepharis hardwickii Gray, 1827. Evolutionary Systematics 6(1): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.83290
Table S1. Estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences
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