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FIGURES 30–41 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 30–41. Life history of E. chrysippe. 30) Pre-molt third instar (arrows) intermixed with mid-fourth instar, dorsal view; 31) Brown head mature fifth instar, dorsal view; 32) Bright orange head mature fifth instar, dorsal view; 33) Mid-stage sixth instar larvae on underside of leaf, dorsal view; 34) Heads and caudal area of mid-stage sixth instar, fronto-lateral view (note head color variations); 35) Head of sixth instar, frontal view; 36) metallic-blue iridescence of sixth instar, lateral view of left A3–6; 37) Mid-stage sixth instar clustered on stem and petiole area of potted host; 38) Remains of dead sixth instar parasitized by Calolydella tachinid fly larva; 39) Sixth instar feeding (note triangular form damage); 40) Accumulated silk from procession of mature sixth instar on basal area of potted host; 41) Feeding damage made by fifth and sixth instar on potted host (note remains of young leaves at apex).

FIGURES 1–10 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 1–10. Adults of E. chrysippe and E. bettina. 1) Male E. chrysippe upper surface, Turrialba, reared; 2) Female E. chrysippe upper surface; 3) Male E. chrysippe in pale orange color form, upper surface, Turrialba, reared; 4) Male E. bettina upper surface, Laguna de Hule, reared; 5) Female E. bettina upper surface; 6) Recently eclosed male E. chrysippe, Lake Arenal; 7) Male E. chrysippe feeding on rotten banana peel under captive conditions in acrylic chamber, Lake Arenal; 8) Female E. chrysippe resting on M. calvescens leaf, Lake Arenal; 9) Male E. bettina, Laguna de Hule; 10) Female E. bettina feeding on rain water on a leaf.

FIGURES 84–89 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 84–89. SEM of egg of Euselasia. 84) Stalk conjunctional structure (stalk removed) and hexagonally arranged sculpturing of chorion, ventro-lateral view (E. bettina); 85) Concave structure at center part of ventral inner surface (opposite surface of stalk conjunctional structure), dorso-lateral view (E. bettina); 86) Concave structure (E. bettina) (white narrow lines = silk); 87) Stalk, lateral view (E. bettina); 88) Apical rim and micropyle area (E. bettina), dorsolateral view; 89) Micropyles and rosette (E. bettina), dorso-lateral view.

FIGURES 92–97 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 92–97. SEM of Euselasia first instar larva. 92) Lateral view (E. bettina); 93) Head, frontal view, (E. chrysippe); 94) Head and cervical area, dorso- lateral view (E. chrysippe); 95) Head and T1–2, lateral view (E. bettina); 96) Head and T1, ventral view (E. chrysippe); 97) Mouthparts, frontal view (E. chrysippe).

FIGURES 21–29 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 21–29. Life history of E. chrysippe. 21) First instar hatching and lining up around the egg mass, dorsal view; 22) First instar in rasp-feeding formation, dorsal view (note remaining of egg shells on top); 23) Late stage first instar in procession, dorsal view, arrows showing direction of movement (note feeding damage on left); 24) Pale-colored premolting stage first instar, dorsal view; 25) Late stage second instar and its feeding damage, dorsal view; 26) Mid-stage third instar and its feeding damage, dorsal view; 27) Close-up of third instar, dorsal view; 28) Mid-stage fourth instar feeding in parallel position on upper- and underside of leaf, dorsal view; 29) Fourth instar larvae clustered and resting on host trunk near base.

FIGURES 11–20 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 11–20. Life history of E. chrysippe and E. bettina, in part. 11) Habitat of E. chrysippe and E. bettina, and M. calvescens at Laguna de Hule, Alajuela province, Costa Rica; 12) Habitat of E. chrysippe and M. calvescens at a gorge in Jicotea-Turrialba, Alajuela province; 13) Young trees M. calvescens growing on a steep hill among sugarcane at Jicotea site, arrow indicates young tree with larvae; 14) Young trees of M. calvescens, approximately 2.5 m high, Jicotea; 15) Close view of the young tree in figure 13, arrow indicates position of resting larvae; 16) Female ovipositing at the Ecological Preserve, UCR; 17) Egg mass, general dorsal view; 18) White colored eggs; 19) Unknown damage frequently found on clusters of eggs, dorso-lateral view; 20) Close-up dorso-lateral view of eggs (note eggs raised from leaf surface).

FIGURES 116–121 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 116–121. SEM of Euselasia first instar (E. chrysippe). 116) L-group setae (arrows) on right side of A2–4, dorsal view; 117) Left side of abdominal segments showing bifurcate D1–2 (arrows), fronto-lateral view; 118) Bifurcate D2 on left A1 and spherical organ (SO) behind D1, dorsal view; 119) SD and L-group and spherical organ (SO) on T3– A2, lateral view; 120) Bifurcate D1–2 and perforated plate organ (PPO) behind D1 on right side A7, dorso-lateral view; 121) Perforated plate organ on left side A7, dorso-lateral view.

FIGURES 68–77 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 68–77. Life history of E. bettina. 68) Late stage sixth instar (dashed arrows) and mid-stage fifth instar (solid arrows) with mid-stage E. chrysippe fifth instar (no arrows) feeding; 69) Mid- to late stage sixth instar resting on potted host stem, dorsal view; 70) Mid- to late stage sixth instar feeding, lateral view; 71) close-up of larva showing iridescence (A2–6) of figure70; 72) Cephalic view of sixth instar feeding; 73) Caudal view of sixth instar (cephalic view on upper right larva); 74) Mature sixth instar showing processional behavior on rim of flower pot (arrows indicating direction of movement); 75) Prepupa, dorsal view, head pointing downwards; 76) Pupa, dorsal view; 77) Pupa, lateral view (note silken girdle spun around T3–A1 and silken substrate).

FIGURES 104–109 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 104–109. SEM of Euselasia first instar (E. chrysippe). 104) Paired circular tablet organs on medio-anterior part of T1 shield, dorso-frontal view; 105) Circular tablet organ, lateral view; 106) T1 shield showing spherical organs (SOs) and SD2, dorso-lateral view; 107) Spherical organs; 108) Pinaculum of SD2; 109) Middle to apical area of SD2, lateral view.

FIGURE 90 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURE 90. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of Euselasia chrysippe and E. bettina (lateral view). CO = cupola organ, CS = claw-shaped setae, CTO = circular tablet organ, cxa = coax, pl = proleg, "PP" = "proprioceptor" seta, PPO = perforated plate organ, SO = spherical organ.

FIGURES 152–158 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 152–158. SEM of Euselasia sixth instar. 152) Head, frontal view (E. chrysippe); 153) Head, latero-frontal view (E. chrysippe); 154) Head, frontal-ventral view (E. chrysippe); 155) Mouthparts, frontal view (E. chrysippe); 156) Areas between labrum and antenna, frontal view (E. chrysippe); 157) Areas between labrum and antenna, frontal view (E. bettina); 158) Mouthparts, frontal view (E. bettina).

FIGURES 134–135 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 134–135. SEM of Euselasia first instar and FIGURES 136–139. SEM of E. chrysippe second instar. 134) Claw-shaped setae (CS) area between prolegs on A10, ventral view (E. bettina); 135) Claw-shaped setae ventral view (E. chrysippe); 136) Head, frontal view; 137) Head and T1–2, fronto-dorsal view; 138) T1 shield showing setae and circular tablet organs (CTOs), lateral view; 139) T1–2 legs showing arrowhead setae (AHS), bladelike seta (BLS), and spatulatetipped setae (STS), ventro-lateral view.

FIGURES 110–115 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 110–115. SEM of Euselasia first instar. 110) T1, lateral view, (E. chrysippe); 111) Left thoracic legs, bladelike seta (BLS) and spatulate-tipped setae (STS), ventral view (E. chrysippe); 112) Bladelike seta on left T1 leg, ventral view (E. chrysippe); 113) Bladelike seta on left T1 leg, frontal view (E. bettina); 114) Bladelike seta on left T1 leg, ventro-caudal view (E. chrysippe); 115) Spatulate-tipped setae on tarsus and tibia of left T2 leg, posterior view (E. chrysippe).

FIGURES 128–133 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 128–133. SEM of Euselasia first instar. 128) Spherical organs (SO) and cupola organ (CO) on A8–10, lateral view (E. chrysippe); 129) Spherical organs (SO) and cupola organ (CO) on left side of A8–10, lateral view (E. chrysippe); 130) Flat seta (FS), SV- and V-group, spherical organ (SO), and claw-shaped setae (CS) on A8–10, ventro-lateral view (E. chrysippe); 131) Flat seta (FS) on right side of A9 (E. chrysippe); 132) A9–10 and arrangement of setae on anal plate, caudal view (E. chrysippe); 133) Cupola organ (CO) in D2 triangular setal group on A10, caudo-lateral view (E. bettina).

FIGURES 98–103 in Description of the immature stages and life history of Euselasia (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) on Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Costa Rica 2466

FIGURES 98–103. SEM of Euselasia first instar (E. chrysippe). 98) Left antenna showing arrangement of sensilla, frontal view; 99) Left galea showing lobe of galea and maxillary palpus, dorso-frontal view; 100) Maxillary palpus and sensilla arrangement, dorso-frontal view; 101) Head and T1–3, dorso-frontal view; 102) T1 shield, dorsal view; 103) T1–3, dorso-lateral view.

FIGURE 2 in Notes on the status of Sonerila kanjilasseriensis (Melastomataceae)

FIGURE 2. Sonerila sahyadrica: A-B. Indumentum on adaxial surfaces of leaves, C. Flower, D-F. Inflorescences several flowers (at Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala), G. Plants showing fewer flowers (at Kakkayam, Kozhikkode district, Kerala), H. Petals, I. Pistil, J. Hypanthium with stamens (one stamen removed) and pistil. (Photographs by E.S.Santhosh Kumar).

FIGURE 1 in Notes on the status of Sonerila kanjilasseriensis (Melastomataceae)

FIGURE 1. Sonerila sahyadrica: A. Plants in their natural habitat (photo taken at Palode, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala), B-D. Plants showing variations in their habits and leaves (photos taken at Thrissur), E. Plant with pale brown leaves (photo taken at Kuttikanam, Idukki district), F. Plant with long slender stem (A.G.Pandurangan & G.Rajkumar, 30788 TBGT!), G. Plant with stout stem (S.Maya 26058 TBGT!), H. Tubers, I. Drawing of Sonerila sahyadrica (© Giri & Nayar, 1986) showing the apparent fascicled phyllotaxy. (Photographs by E.S.Santhosh Kumar).

FIGURE 2 in Phyllagathis chongzuoensis (Melastomataceae), a new species from Guangxi, China

FIGURE 2 Phylogenetic relationships of Sonerileae based on plastid genome. The numbers near the nodes are the value of SH-aLRT test (left) and ultrafast bootstrap (right), with both of those below 80 removed. All Phyllagathis species are in bold, and the type species and the new species of Phyllagathis are in regular.

FIGURE 1 in Phyllagathis chongzuoensis (Melastomataceae), a new species from Guangxi, China

FIGURE 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Sonerileae based on nrITS. The numbers near the nodes are the values of SH-aLRT test (left) and ultrafast bootstraps (right), with both of those below 80 removed. All Phyllagathis species are in bold, and the type species and the new species of Phyllagathis are in regular.

FIGURE 3. Phyllagathis chongzuoensis Zhe Zhang, S.W. Yao & S.Jin Zeng. A in Phyllagathis chongzuoensis (Melastomataceae), a new species from Guangxi, China

FIGURE 3. Phyllagathis chongzuoensis Zhe Zhang, S.W. Yao & S.Jin Zeng. A: habitat; B: habit; C: abaxial surface of leaf blades; D: stoloniferous stem with some roots; E: one opening flower; F: one dissected flower, showing stamens (1), petals (2) and hypanthium with style (3); G: hypanthium, longitudinal section with two stamens (left) and transverse section (right); H: capsule, side view (left) and top view (right); I: one inflorescence with flower buds; J: seeds.