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FIGURE 1 in Ethological interpretation of making the pellet designs by the bubbler crab Dotilla on the modern intertidal beaches: A study from the Bay of Bengal coast, Eastern India
FIGURE 1. Different ichnozones and geomorphic features developed in the Bakkhali (21° 33' 50" N and 88° 15' 49" E) beach of the Bay of Bengal coast, Eastern India (re-mapped in 2015 by the author and modified after De, 2019, 2000). Note field photographs of the pellet making bubbler crabs Dotilla spp. and their burrow casts.
FIGURE 5 in Ethological interpretation of making the pellet designs by the bubbler crab Dotilla on the modern intertidal beaches: A study from the Bay of Bengal coast, Eastern India
FIGURE 5. Plan outlays for the radial, concentric and concentric-radial pellet designs produced by the bubbler crab Dotilla have been drawn from the corresponding line tracings (as referenced in each case) to highlight how structural elements are constructed to enhance burrow protection. For radial designs dense radial rows of pellets (Rrp), curved rings of pellets (Crp), pellet walls (Pw) and turned around pellet rows (Rta) are increasingly added to the structure to increase the Safety Index (SI) by closing or cutting off the probable routes of entry of the predators into the burrow openings. Note plan outlays A to D depicting gradual increase in SI values from 46.41% to 100%. Plan outlays (F. H, J, L, N and P) corresponding to the concentric pellet designs show that addition of concentrically oriented curved rings of pellets (Crp) and formation of clockwise and anticlockwise closures of the pellet rings (Cpr marked by red lines) are two basic measures taken by the crabs to enhance SI (compare the plan outlays from E to J where SI values have improved from 68.39% to 98.06%). Note that for concentric-radial designs, as displayed by the plan outlays (R, T, V and X), all the above measures, besides formation of outgoing radial pellet rows from curved rings of pellets (Crp) that act as innumerable barriers for the predators to sneak through spaces between curved rings of pellets, are taken to improve SI values (compare 70.57% for Q to 100% for W).
FIGURE 3 in Ethological interpretation of making the pellet designs by the bubbler crab Dotilla on the modern intertidal beaches: A study from the Bay of Bengal coast, Eastern India
FIGURE 3. Concentric pellet design (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U and W) produced by the crab Dotilla in the upper intertidal flat of the Bakkhali beach, Bay of Bengal, Eastern India. Figures B, D, F, H. J. L, N P, R, T, V and X represent the corresponding line tracings drawn for measurement of Attack Index (AI) and Safety Index (SI). Note formation of both clockwise and anticlockwise closures of pellet rings (Cpr), pellet walls (Pw), surface foraged (Sf), open and closed burrow openings (Obo and Cbo respectively) and curved rings of pellets (Crp). Figures L, R Left and Middle, VTop and Q correspond to concentric designs at early to middle stages of formation and possess relatively lower SI values (67.39%, 88.34%, 87.23%, 72.51% and 84.73% respectively) than the other nearly fully developed structures (SI varying between 98.06% for d to 91.04% for j). Compare size of the feeding territory between Figure I (larger for the adult) and U (smaller for the juvenile). Note SI attains 100% value for pellet designs having closed burrow opening (Cbo). Arrow heads in line tracing Figures point to possible entry routes of predators or enemies of Dotilla. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
FIGURE 4 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 4. Linear regression of MAP on correspondence axis 1 (CA1) score; estimated MAP for each of fossil locality based on CA1 score is indicated. Abbreviations: LV, La Venta; QH, Quebrada Honda; RU, Rümikon; SC, Santa Cruz; TG, Tinguiririca.
FIGURE 6. Classification Tree results and predictions for the five fossil localities. A in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 6. Classification Tree results and predictions for the five fossil localities. A) Results and predictions for CT1, vegetative cover. B) Results and predictions for CT2, biogeographic realm. Abbreviations: LV, La Venta; QH, Quebrada Honda; RU, Rümikon; SC, Santa Cruz; TG, Tinguiririca.
FIGURE 3 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 3. Axes three and four of the correspondence analysis. A) Positions of the fossil localities and 179 modern ecoregions; B) Positions of the 22 variables. Note that the scale is not the same in the two graphs.
FIGURE 2 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 2. Axes one and two of the correspondence analysis. A) Positions of the fossil localities and 179 modern ecoregions; B) Positions of the 22 variables. Note that the scale is not the same in the two graphs.
FIGURE 1 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 1. Locations of the 179 modern ecoregions (colored areas) and the five fossil localities (stars) used in this study. Ecoregions are overlain on a grayscale global mean annual precipitation (MAP) map derived from Fick and Hijmans (2017), with lighter regions indicating areas of higher MAP and darker regions indicating areas of lower MAP. Abbreviations: LV, La Venta, Colombia; QH, Quebrada Honda, Bolivia; RU, Rümikon, Switzerland; SC, Santa Cruz, Argentina; TG, Tinguiririca, Chile.
FIGURE 7 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 7. Classification Tree results for CT3, biome. Abbreviations: LV, La Venta; QH, Quebrada Honda; RU, Rümikon; SC, Santa Cruz; TG, Tinguiririca.
FIGURE 5 in What are the best modern analogs for ancient South American mammal communities? Evidence from ecological diversity analysis (EDA)
FIGURE 5. Composite hierarchical cluster analysis with the positions of the five fossil localities (dagger symbols) indicated. Solid black lines indicate the results when all five fossil localities are included in the analysis; dashed black lines indicate the results when each fossil locality is analyzed individually. The position of Rümikon did not vary in the two analysis. Abbreviations: LV, La Venta; QH, Quebrada Honda; RU, Rümikon; SC, Santa Cruz; TG, Tinguiririca.
Figure 4. Variability P in Modern Distribution and Ecological-phytocenotic Features of Platanthera chlorantha (Cust.) Rchb. in the Republic of Adygea
Figure 4. Variability P. chlorahtha: 1 – height; 2 – length of inflorescence; 3 – the length of the bottom sheet; 4 – the width of the bottom sheet; 5 – number of stem leaves; 6 – the length of the lower bract; 7 – the width of the lower bract; 8 – number of flowers; 9 – spur length of bottom flower; 10 – length of the ovary; 11 – the length of the lip; 12 – the width of the lip.
Fig. 3 in A modern type of ant-like stone beetle larva preserved in 99-million-year-old Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Fig. 3 – Schematic restorations of ant-like stone beetles. A – The new fossil (based on Fig. 1); not to scale. B – Stage 2 larva of the extant species Stenomastigus longicornis (based on Jałoszyński & Kilian 2016 figs 1–4 p. 153); not to scale; note the similarities to the fossil larva. C–G – Restorations of different fossils, all to the same scale for size comparison. C–E – Fossils of adult ant-like stone beetles. C) Clidicostigus arachnipes (based on Jałoszyński et al. 2017 fig. 3A p. 114). D) Cascomastigus monstrabilis (based on Yin et al. 2017b fig. 1a p. 2). E) Cascomastigus minor (based on Yin et al. 2018b fig. 2A; width of body estimated based on the other species). F) The new fossil (same as A), but to scale. G) Estimated size of a possible stage 3 larva following the stage 2 larva which the new fossil presumably represents (by simply resizing the latter to 200%).
Fig. 2 – Specimen SNHMB.G 8109, Kachin amber. A – Ventral view. B in A modern type of ant-like stone beetle larva preserved in 99-million-year-old Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Fig. 2 – Specimen SNHMB.G 8109, Kachin amber. A – Ventral view. B – Detail of head, ventral. C – Colour-marked version of B. D – Detail of trunk appendage. Abbreviations: cl = claw; cx = coxa; de = distal visible element of maxillary palp; fe = femur; gl = possible galea; li = labium; lr = labrum; md = mandible; pe = proximal visible element of maxillary palp; pm = proximal region of maxilla (stipes?); ti = tibio-tarsus; tr = trochanter.
Figure 2 in Scorpions in the modern Cuban culture: An introductory iconography
Figure 2: Scorpions as cultural motives in Cuba. A, front of the restaurant "El Gallo", in Bejucal town, Mayabeque Province (photo by Johannes de Armas Concepción). B, a cap showing scorpions (made in China). C–D, scorpion drawings by children: C, by Roilán Azcuy Rodriguez (San Antonio de los Baños, 10 years old; June 2000); D, by Glenia Díaz Concepción (Arroyo Blanco, Sancti Spíritus; 7 years old; 1997). E, match-safe made with synthetic materials by a Costa Rican artisan. F, stamps issued by the Czech Republic in 1999.
Figure 1 in Scorpions in the modern Cuban culture: An introductory iconography
Figure 1: Scorpions as cultural motives in Cuba. A–B, Tattoos on two young people from San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa Province. C, a silver jewel made in Mexico, borne by a woman in Havana City. D, Bamboo scorpion made by a Cuban artisan. E, a keychain with an acrylic piece containing a scorpion (made in China). F, small carpet made by a young woman artisan from Santiago de Cuba.
Fig 6 in Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology
Fig 6 - Cinereous Vultures feeding on a carcass (center and right). Frederick conducted several experiments on the feeding behavior of vultures. / Avvoltoi monaci che si nutrono di una carcassa (al centro e a destra). Federico condusse diversi esperimenti sul comportamento alimentare degli avvoltoi. © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal.lat.1071: f.4v.
Fig. 3 in Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology
Fig. 3 - Predation by a Black Stork and a European White Stork (below right). / Una cicogna nera e una cicogna bianca in predazione (in basso, a destra). © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal.lat.1071: f.7r.
Fig 7 in Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology
Fig 7 - Mobbing refers to cooperative antipredator behavior exhibited by many bird species. In this figure, Hooded and Carrion Crows harass an Eagle Owl, a typical predator of corvids. The famous ethologist Konrad Lorenz made this behavior familiar to his readers in King Solomon's Ring, first published in 1949. / Il mobbing si riferisce al comportamento cooperativo antipredatorio esibito da molte specie di uccelli. In questa figura, delle cornacchie grigie e delle cornacchie nere mole- stano un gufo reale, un tipico predatore di corvidi. Il famoso etologo Konrad Lorenz ha reso questo comportamento familiare ai suoi lettori ne L'anello di Re Salomone, pubblicato per la prima volta nel 1949. © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal.lat.1071: f.10v.
Fig. 5 - Frederick was a in Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology
Fig. 5 - Frederick was a keen observer of migrating large birds, among them cranes. / Federico era un acuto osservatore dei grandi uccelli migratori, tra cui le gru. © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal.lat.1071: f.16r.
Fig. 4 in Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology
Fig. 4 - Frederick was aware of the fact that nestlings and young birds may desire more food and care than their parents are willing to provide them (parent-offspring conflict). / Federico si rese conto del fatto che i nidiacei e i giovani uccelli possono desiderare più cibo e cure di quelle che i loro genitori sono disposti a fornire loro (conflitto genitori-figli). © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal.lat.1071: f.51v.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.