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315 results for “Nile”
Fig. 5 in Foraging behavior interactions between the invasive Nile Tilapia (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and three large native predators
Fig. 5. Use of microhabitat (surface, middle and bottom layers) by the native predators (mean ± SD) Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (white circles), Salminus brasiliensis (white squares) and Brycon orbignyanus (black triangles), for 0%, 50%, 100% and RD treatments. The three-way ANOVA for these data showed significant interaction (P = 0.049) among species, structural habitat complexity and microhabitat.All species of native predators used the bottom layer of the tank more frequently.
Fig. 6 in Foraging behavior interactions between the invasive Nile Tilapia (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and three large native predators
Fig. 6. Activity (inactive, swimming, stalking and attacking) by the native predators (mean ± SD) Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (white circles), Salminus brasiliensis (white squares) and Brycon orbignyanus (black triangles), for 0%, 50%, 100% and RD treatments. The three-way ANOVA for these data suggested that the interaction among species, structural habitat complexity and activity was significant (P <0.001). The native predators did not stalk or attack in any of the treatments.
Fig. 2 in Foraging behavior interactions between the invasive Nile Tilapia (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and three large native predators
Fig. 2. Summary of scheme of experimental procedures, design and statistical analyses. From left to right: acclimatization period and procedures for each species in isolation (Oreochromis niloticus, Salminus brasiliensis, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Brycon orbignyanus). Experimental design: four levels of habitat complexity (0%, 50% and 100% (simulated using green plastic filaments) and RD (rocks and driftwood) simulated with basaltic rocks and tree branches) for three species combinations (O. niloticus x S. brasiliensis, O. niloticus x P. corruscans and O. niloticus x B. orbignyanus), replicated three times, totaling 36 experimental units. Ten O. niloticus were placed in each tank and after 6 h, one predator was added. Data collection started 6 h from the beginning of the experiment and was repeated at 12-h intervals (5 a.m./5 p.m.). The predatory efficiency, predation frequency over time, use of microhabitat and activity by predators and prey, together with the defense strategy of the prey, were analyzed using different models of ANOVA design.
Fig. 3 in Foraging behavior interactions between the invasive Nile Tilapia (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and three large native predators
Fig. 3. Predatory efficiency (mean ± standard deviation (SD) of Oreochromis niloticus consumption) by Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (white bars), Salminus brasiliensis (black bars) and Brycon orbignyanus (gray bars), in 0%, 50%, 100% and RD treatments. ANOVA for these data was not significant (P = 0.69) for interaction between species and structural complexity. However, the predatory efficiencies of species were different (P <0.001).
Fig. 7 in Foraging behavior interactions between the invasive Nile Tilapia (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) and three large native predators
Fig. 7. Use of microhabitat (surface, middle and bottom) by the Nile Tilapia (mean ± SD) in the tanks with Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (white circles), Salminus brasiliensis (white squares) and Brycon orbignyanus (black triangles), for 0%, 50%, 100% and RD treatments. The three-way ANOVA for these data suggested significant (P = 0.045) interaction between species, structural complexity and use of microhabitat. The juveniles used the surface and bottom layers more frequently.
Figure 8 from: Sugiharto SP, Bintoro N, Karyadi JNW, Pranoto Y (2020) Supercritical carbon dioxide pasteurization to reduce the activity of muscle protease and its impact on physicochemical properties of Nile tilapia. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e56887. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e56887
Figure 8 Effect of HPCD (40 °C and 15 min) of hardness of fillet. Bars with the same letter were not significantly different. Vertical lines indicate standard deviation.
Figure 2 from: Sugiharto SP, Bintoro N, Karyadi JNW, Pranoto Y (2020) Supercritical carbon dioxide pasteurization to reduce the activity of muscle protease and its impact on physicochemical properties of Nile tilapia. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e56887. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e56887
Figure 2 The appearance of whole fish Nile tilapia after subjected to CO2 pasteurization at 40 oC and for 15 min with the following pressures: A. No treatment, B. 70 bar, C. 75 bar, D. 80 bar, E. 85 bar, and F. 90 bar
FIGURE 11. Nile Blue A in Stains for entomological microtechnique: simple stains for whole mounts and dissection
FIGURE 11. Nile Blue A chemical structure.
The influence of dynamic topography, climate, and tectonics on the Nile River source-to-sink system – Model input data
<p>Input data for Badlands models used in 2020 Honours thesis at the University of Sydney.</p>
Data from: Greater sage-grouse survival varies with breeding season events in West Nile virus non-outbreak years
<p>Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are a species of conservation concern and are highly susceptible to mortality from West Nile virus (WNV). Culex tarsalis, a mosquito species, is the suspected primary vector for transmitting WNV to sage-grouse. We captured, radio-tagged, and monitored female sage-grouse to estimate breeding season (April 15‒September 15) survival 2016-2017. Deceased sage-grouse were tested for active WNV; live captured and hunter harvested sage-grouse were tested for WNV antibody titers. Additionally, we trapped mosquitoes with CO2 baited traps 4 nights per week (542 trap nights) to estimate WNV minimum infection rate (MIR). Eight sage-grouse mortalities occurred during the WNV seasons of 2016 and 2017; 5 had recoverable tissue, and one of 5 tested positive for WNV infection. Survival varied temporally with sage-grouse biological seasons, not WNV seasonality. Survival was 0.68 (95% CI= 0.56–0.78; n=74) during the reproductive season (April 1−September 15). Mammalian predators were the leading suspected cause of mortality (40%), followed by unknown cause (25%), avian predation (15%), unknown predation (15%), and WNV (5%). These results indicate WNV was not a significant driver of adult sage-grouse survival during this study. Three sage-grouse (1.9%; 95% CI=0.5−5.9%) contained WNV antibodies. We captured 12,472 mosquitoes of which 3,933 (32%) were Culex tarsalis. Estimated WNV MIR of Culex tarsalis during 2016 and 2017 was 3.3 and 1.6, respectively. Our results suggest sage-grouse in South Dakota have limited exposure to WNV, and WNV was not a significant source of sage-grouse mortality in South Dakota during 2016 and 2017. Based on our finding that a majority of sage-grouse in South Dakota are susceptible to WNV infection, WNV could potentially have an impact on the population during an epizootic event; however, when WNV is at or near endemic levels, it appears to have little impact on sage-grouse<br> survival. </p>
Data from: Host social behavior decreases exposure to vector-borne disease: a field experiment in a "hotspot" of West Nile virus transmission
Animals can decrease their individual risk of predation by forming groups. The encounter-dilution hypothesis extends the potential benefits of gregariousness to biting insects and vector-borne disease by predicting that the per capita number of insect bites should decrease within larger host groups. Although vector-borne diseases are common and can exert strong selective pressures on hosts, there have been few tests of the encounter-dilution effect in natural systems. We conducted an experimental test of the encounter-dilution hypothesis using the American robin (Turdus migratorius), a common host species for the West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne pathogen. By using sentinel hosts (house sparrows, Passer domesticus) caged in naturally occurring communal roosts in the suburbs of Chicago, we assessed sentinel host risk of WNV exposure inside and outside of roosts. We also estimated per capita host exposure to infected vectors inside roosts and outside of roosts. Sentinel birds caged inside roosts seroconverted to WNV more slowly than those outside of roosts, suggesting that social groups decrease per capita exposure to infected mosquitoes. These results therefore support the encounter-dilution hypothesis in a vector-borne disease system. Our results suggest that disease-related selective pressures on sociality may depend on the mode of disease transmission.
Data from: Functional MRI in the Nile crocodile: a new avenue for evolutionary neurobiology
Crocodilians are important for understanding the evolutionary history of amniote neural systems as they are the nearest extant relatives of modern birds and share a stem amniote ancestor with mammals. Although the crocodilian brain has been investigated anatomically, functional studies are rare. Here we employed fMRI, never tested in poikilotherms, to investigate crocodilian telencephalic sensory processing. Juvenile Crocodylus niloticus were placed in a 7T MRI scanner to record BOLD signal changes during presentation of visual as well as auditory stimuli. Visual stimulation increased BOLD signals in rostral to mid-caudal portions of the dorso-lateral anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR). Simple auditory stimuli led to signal increase in the rostromedial and caudocentral ADVR. These activation patterns are in line with previously described projection fields of diencephalic sensory fibers. Furthermore, complex auditory stimuli activated additional regions of the caudomedial ADVR. The recruitment of these additional, presumably higher-order, sensory areas reflect observations made in birds and mammals. Our results indicate that structural and functional aspects of sensory processing have been likely conserved during the evolution of sauropsids. In addition, our study shows that fMRI can be utilized to investigate neural processing in poikilotherms, providing a new avenue for neurobiological research in these critical species.
Data from: Aquatic microfauna alter larval food resources and affect development and biomass of West Nile and Saint Louis encephalitis vector Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Ciliate protists and rotifers are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and can comprise a significant portion of the microbial food resources available to larval mosquitoes, often showing substantial declines in abundance in the presence of mosquito larvae. This top-down regulation of protists is reported to be strong for mosquitoes inhabiting small aquatic containers such as pitcher plants or tree holes, but the nature of these interactions with larval mosquitoes developing in other aquatic habitats is poorly understood. We examined the effects of these two microbial groups on lower trophic level microbial food resources, such as bacteria, small flagellates, and organic particles, in the water column, and on Culex larval development and adult production. In three independent laboratory experiments using two microeukaryote species (one ciliate protist and one rotifer) acquired from field larval mosquito habitats and cultured in the laboratory, we determined the effects of Culex nigripalpus larval grazing on water column microbial dynamics, while simultaneously monitoring larval growth and development. The results revealed previously unknown interactions that were different from the top-down regulation of microbial groups by mosquito larvae in other systems. Both ciliates and rotifers, singly or in combination, altered other microbial populations and inhibited mosquito growth. It is likely that these microeukaryotes, instead of serving as food resources, competed with early instar mosquito larvae for microbes such as small flagellates and bacteria in a density-dependent manner. These findings help our understanding of the basic larval biology of Culex mosquitoes, variation in mosquito production among various larval habitats, and may have implications for existing vector control strategies and for developing novel microbial-based control methods.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new cyprinid species, Labeo meroensis n. sp. (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), from the River Nile
FIGURE 2. Live specimen of Labeo meroensis n. sp. from River Nile at Shendi, 12.01.2006.
FIGURE 3 in Description of a new cyprinid species, Labeo meroensis n. sp. (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), from the River Nile
FIGURE 3. Ventral view of mouth of Labeo meroensis n. sp., BMNH 2006.11.9.1, 46.9 mm SL.
FIGURE 1. Labeo meroensis n in Description of a new cyprinid species, Labeo meroensis n. sp. (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), from the River Nile
FIGURE 1. Labeo meroensis n.sp., BMNH 2006.11.9.1, 46.9 mm SL.
Distribution. Known only from type locality on White Nile River, NE South Sudan. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from type locality on White Nile River, NE South Sudan.
Distribution. Coastal regions of N Africa from E Morocco E to Egypt W of Nile River. in Muridae
Distribution. Coastal regions of N Africa from E Morocco E to Egypt W of Nile River.
Distribution. Few localities along White Nile from Khartoum to El Kowa, C Sudan. in Muridae
Distribution. Few localities along White Nile from Khartoum to El Kowa, C Sudan.
Distribution. Between White Nile and Blue Nile rivers, S of Khartoum, Sudan. in Muridae
Distribution. Between White Nile and Blue Nile rivers, S of Khartoum, Sudan.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.