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Figure 8 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 8. Spathidium polynucleatum from life (a, c, g) and after protargol impregnation (b, d–f). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b) developing cytoplasmic extrusomes, 4–8 µm long; (c) oral extrusomes, 8–10 µm long; (d, e) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (f) dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (g) cortical granulation. CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, d, e = 100 µm; f = 30 µm.

Figure 7 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 7. Spathidium papilliferum after protargol impregnation, Ssanggyesa temple population. (a, b) Right side view of representative individuals; (c) nuclear apparatus in mid-body; (d, e) developing and mature cytoplasmic extrusomes; (f) dorsolateral view showing three-rowed dorsal brush and oral bulge papillae studded with extrusomes; (g, h) right and left side views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (i) detail of anterior body portion showing oral bulge papillae with extrusomes. CV, contractile vacuole; CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties; triangles in (a, b, h, i) denote oral bulge papillae. Scale bars: a, b = 100 µm; c–i = 10 µm.

Figure 15 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 15. Apobryophyllum schmidingeri after protargol impregnation. (a–d, f) Left side views showing variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (e, i, j) details of nuclear apparatus; (g, h) left and right side views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion. CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/ micronucleus, SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–d = 100 µm; e = 5 µm; f–j = 10 µm.

Figure 1 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 1. Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. from life (a–d, l) and after protargol impregnation (e–k). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b) resting cyst, 50 µm in diameter; (c) cortical granulation; (d) oral extrusomes, 9–12 µm long; (e) developing cytoplasmic extrusomes, 1–10 µm long; (f–h) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (i) nuclear apparatus in mid-body; (j, k) dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (l) variability of body shape and size. CG, cortical granules; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, f–h, l = 100 µm; b = 50 µm; j, k = 10 µm.

Figure 14 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 14. Apobryophyllum schmidingeri from life. (a–g) Left side views showing variability of body shape and size; (h) extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (i) detail of posterior body portion showing contractile vacuole (triangle) and extrusomes (arrow) attached to oral bulge; (j) extrusomes scattered throughout cytoplasm; (k) optical section showing macronuclear nodules and extrusomes; (l, m) left side views showing heteromorphic dorsal brush composed of short inflated bristles and ordinary somatic cilia (triangles); (n) left side view showing monokinetidal tail bristles (arrows) extending almost to posterior body end. CK, circumoral kinety; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MT, monokinetidal tail bristles. Scale bars: a–g = 100 µm; h–n = 10 µm.

Figure 6 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 6. Spathidium papilliferum from life, Jungjok Mts. population (a–d) and Ssanggyesa temple population (e–j). (a, e) Right side view of representative individuals; (b, f–h) detail of anterior body portion showing oral bulge papillae (triangles) studded with extrusomes; (c) dorsal brush bristles; (d, i) extrusomes; (j) resting cyst. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; LD, lipid droplets. Scale bars: a, e = 100 µm; c = 5 µm; b, d, f–j = 10 µm.

Figure 2 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea

Figure 2. Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. from life (a, c–g) and after protargol impregnation (b, h–j). (a, b) Right side views showing general body organisation; (c) cortical granulation; (d) nuclear apparatus; (e) dorsal brush; (f) resting cyst; (g, j) details of anterior body portion showing oral extrusomes and pharyngeal basket; (h, i) dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/ macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; PB, pharyngeal basket; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, b = 100 µm; c–e = 5 µm; f = 50 µm; g–j = 10 µm.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 9. Va ri ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (E), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (A), after silver carbonate (C, D, F–H) and protargol (B) impregnation. (A) Zosterodasys hisioensis, ventral view of a representative specimen. Length 200 µm. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941). (B) Zosterodasys texensis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Alekperov et al. (2007/8). Reprinted by permission from "Protistology", 2007/2008, 5 (2/3): 101–130. (C, D, H) Zosterodasys serrani, frontal view of oral opening (C) and ventral (D) as well as dorsal (H) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Arrowheads denote synhymenium which is restricted to the ventral body side (D). Length not provided. From Fernandez-Leborans (1990). (E–G) Zosterodasys henarensis, ventral view of a representative specimen (E) and schematized ventral (G) as well as dorsal (F) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Arrowheads denote proximal and distal end of synhymenium that almost completely encircles the body. Length not provided. From Sola et al. (1990).

FIGURE 8. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 8. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (A), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (J), and after protargol impregnation (B–I). (A–F) Zosterodasys minutus, ventral view of a representative specimen (A), variability of body shape and size as well as of the nuclear apparatus (B–D), ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. Note the S-shaped pattern of the synhymenium which completely encircles the cell (C–F). From Gong et al. (2007). (G, H) Zosterodasys minor, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (G) and dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (H). From Alekperov et al. (2007/8). Reprinted by permission from "Protistology", 2007/2008, 5 (2/3): 101–130. (I) Chilodontopsis vorax (?), total ventral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Burkovsky (1970a). (J) Zosterodasys numerosus, ventral view of a representative specimen showing many scattered contractile vacuoles. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941).

FIGURE 7. Vari o in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 7. Vari o us Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (A–C), after Heidenhain's haematoxylin stain (H), and after protargol impregnation (D–G). (A–D, F, G) Zosterodasys kryophilus, ventral view of a representative specimen (A), lateral view showing dorsoventral flattening of the body (B), ventral view showing cortical granulation and contractile vacuole pattern (C), surface view of cortex showing a fibre bundle extending in parallel and right of the somatic kineties (D), ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Petz et al. (1995). (E) Zosterodasys sp., ventrolateral view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. This species is very likely a misidentified Orthodonella apohamatus, as indicated by the comparatively long preoral area, which can be a rostrum. From Agatha et al. (1993). (H) Zosterodasys acutus, ventral view of a representative specimen showing three contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) arranged in a row near right margin in posterior body half, a unique pattern as yet not found in any other Zosterodasys species. From Ozaki & Yagiu (1941). CV – contractile vacuoles, G – cortical granules.

FIGURE 6. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 6. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms after protargol impregnation. (A–D) Zosterodasys raikovi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B), and nuclear (C) as well as oral (D) apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (E, F) Zosterodasys derouxi, total view of ventral (E) and dorsal (F) ciliary pattern as well as of the nuclear and contractile vacuole apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (G) Zosterodasys mirabilis, total view of ventral ciliary pattern. From Alekperov (1984). (H–J) Zosterodasys kasymovi, frontal view of oral apparatus (I) and dorsal (H) as well as ventral (J) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. From Aliev (1990). (K–N) Zosterodasys mirabilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (K), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (N), and nuclear (L) as well as oral (M) apparatus. From Fernandez-Leborans & Alekperov (1996).

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 4. Zosterodasys agamalievi and its supposed synonyms from life (D), after silver carbonate (E, I, J) and protargol (A–C, F–H) impregnation. (A–C) Zosterodasys agamalievi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A, C) and dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B). From Deroux (1978). (D) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view. Length 180 µm. From Kahl (1933). (E, I, J) Zosterodasys cantabrica, total ventral (E) and dorsal (J) view of ciliary pattern and frontal view of oral opening (I). From Fernandez-Leborans (1990). (F–H) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (F), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (G), and nuclear apparatus (H). From Agamaliev (1967). FL – fibrilar loop.

FIGURE 5. Var i in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 5. Var i ou s Zosterodasys species and their supposed synonyms from life (F, G) and after protargol impregnation (A–E, H–R). (A–D) Chilodontopsis vorax, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (A), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (B), frontal view of oral opening (C), and nuclear apparatus (D). From Agamaliev (1967). (E) Zosterodasys agamalievi, total ventral view of ciliary pattern. From Kivimaki et al. (2009). (F, G) Chilodontopsis caudata, total ventral view. Length 70 µm. From Kahl (1933, 1935). (H, I) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (H) and nuclear apparatus (I). From Alekperov (1984). (J–L) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (J), dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body region (K), and nuclear apparatus (L). From Fernandez-Leborans & Alekperov (1996). (M, N) Zosterodasys debilis, total ventral view of ciliary pattern (M) and nuclear apparatus (N). From Asadullayeva & Alekperov (2007). (O–R) Zosterodasys alizadei, total ventral (O) and dorsal (R) view of ciliary pattern and nuclear (P) as well as oral (Q) apparatus. From Aliev (1990).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 2. Illustrated key to Zosterodasys species isolated from marine and brackish habitats. For instructions how to use the key, see Material and methods. All size ranges refer to live specimens.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic revision of the ciliate genus Zosterodasys Deroux, 1978 (Protista: Ciliophora: Synhymeniida)

FIGURE 3. Illustrated key to Zosterodasys species isolated from freshwater habitats. For instructions how to use the key, see Material and methods. All size ranges refer to live specimens, except for Z. henarensis and Z. serrani, in which data are available only for fixed cells.

Figure 7 in Morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations of freshwater hypotrich ciliates from China revealed a new genus Heterodeviata gen. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), and a novel limnetic population of Deviata multilineae

Figure 7. Deviata multilineae from life (A–I) and asser protargol impregnation (J–N). A, F, ventral view of a representative individual, arrowhead in (F) marks the algae in the cell. B–D, G, H, ventral views of different cells, arrowheads indicate contractile vacuole. E, ventral view, showing the detail of cirri and their surrounded globules. I, denoting the macronuclear nodules and the cytoplasm. J, K, N, ventral (J, N) and dorsal (K) view of the same representative cell, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus, arrowhead in (J) marks the buccal cirrus, arrows and arrowheads in (K, N) indicate macronuclear nodules and micronuclei, respectively. L, dorsal view to show the less marginal rows on dorsal side. M, ventral view, arrowhead indicates buccal cirrus. 1–3, dorsal kineties 1–3; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; FVR1–3, frontoventral cirral rows 1–3; LMR, less marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; RMR, right marginal row. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figure 8 in Morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations of freshwater hypotrich ciliates from China revealed a new genus Heterodeviata gen. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), and a novel limnetic population of Deviata multilineae

Figure 8. Nucleotide differences between deviatids based on 18S rRNA gene sequences. In (A), the lower less values of the table indicate the sequence similarity, the upper right numbers are numbers of nucleotide differences. The numbers in the header (B) indicate the unmatched site positions. In A, B, the newly obtained sequences are in red. '**' indicates the sequence Perisincirra sp. (KY855575) which was likely misidentified and can be considered conspecific with Deviata brasiliensis. 'H', Heterodeviata.

Figure 5 in Morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations of freshwater hypotrich ciliates from China revealed a new genus Heterodeviata gen. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), and a novel limnetic population of Deviata multilineae

Figure 5. Morphogenetic process of Heterodeviata sinica asser protargol impregnation. A, showing the oral primordium of the opisthe. B, ventral view of a very early divider, showing oral primordium of the opisthe (arrowhead). C–E, ventro-lateral (C, D) and dorsolateral (E) views of the same early divider, in this stage, anlagen I–IV (C), two right marginal anlagen (E) formed, adoral zone of membranelles incompletely formed (arrowhead in C), and arrowhead in (D) shows the parental endoral beginning to disintegrate. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views of two middle dividers, arrowheads in (G) showing dorsal kinety anlage 2. H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal view (I) of two middle dividers, in this stage, anlagen I–IV dedifferentiating into cirri (H), and two bristles of dorsal kinety 2 formed (arrowheads in H, I). J, dorsal view of a late divider, showing one macronuclear nodule dedifferentiated into two ones. K, L, ventral views of two late dividers, arrowheads in (K) and (L) indicate the buccal and parabuccal cirrus, separately. I–IV, anlagen I–IV; DK1, dorsal kinety 1; DḎ1, dorsal kinety anlage 1; FVR, frontoventral cirral row; LMA1, 2, less marginal anlagen 1, 2; LMR1, 2, less marginal rows 1, 2; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA1, 2, right marginal anlagen 1, 2; RMR1, 2, right marginal rows 1, 2; UM, undulating membranes. Scale bars: 50 μm (F, L), 20 μm (G, I).

Figure 1 in Morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations of freshwater hypotrich ciliates from China revealed a new genus Heterodeviata gen. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), and a novel limnetic population of Deviata multilineae

Figure 1. Location of the sampling site. A, map showing the location of the Lake Weishan Wetland, China. B, C, photographs of the Lake Weishan where Heterodeviata sinica and Deviata multilineae were collected, respectively.

Figure 9 in Morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations of freshwater hypotrich ciliates from China revealed a new genus Heterodeviata gen. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), and a novel limnetic population of Deviata multilineae

Figure 9. Comparison of Heterodeviata with related genera within Deviatidae and Kahllidae that possess three frontal cirri, at least one short or long frontal ventral cirral row right of the cell midline, at least one less marginal row, and one dorsomarginal kinety. Figures in the upper and lower row show the dorsal kinety paưern and cirral paưern of corresponding genera, respectively. Old (parental) structures (marginal cirri or dorsal kineties) are depicted by contour. Abbreviations: BC, buccal cirri; CC, caudal cirri; DK, dorsal kinety; FC, frontal cirri; FVR, frontoventral cirral row; LMR, less marginal row; PBC, parabuccal cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri.