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FIGURE 2 in Micralestes (Characiformes, Alestidae) of the lower Congo River, with a description of a new species endemic to the lower Congo River rapids in the Democratic Republic of Congo

FIGURE 2. Isolated orbital series in A) Bryconaethiops yseuxi, B) Brachypetersius altus, C) Micralestes humilis, D) Micralestes schelly sp. nov., E) pectoral girdle in medial view of Micralestes humilis, F) caudal skeleton and adjacent vertebrae in Micralestes humilis.

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FIGURE 1 in Micralestes (Characiformes, Alestidae) of the lower Congo River, with a description of a new species endemic to the lower Congo River rapids in the Democratic Republic of Congo

FIGURE 1. Micralestes of the lower Congo River. A) Micralestes acutidens, AMNH 238378, female, 51.1 mm SL, B) Micralestes holargyreus, AMNH 239479, male, 60.5 mm SL, C) Micralestes humilis, AMNH 238406, female, 56.8 mm SL, D) Micralestes lualabae, AMNH 238386, female, 65.4 mm SL, E) Micralestes stormsi, AMNH 238440, male, 51.0 mm SL, F) Micralestes schelly sp. nov., AMNH 239518, male, 37.7 mm SL. Scale bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.

FIGURE 4. Evolutionary relationships of (A) combined data from two tightly linked nuclear loci (RAG1 and RAG2) and (B) mitochondrial DNA illustrate a divergent but sister relationship of X. itombwensis and X. wittei. Nuclear loci but not mitochondrial loci illustrate a close relationship between (X. itombwensis + X. wittei) to half of the allopolyploid genome of X. vestitus. For clarity most posterior probabilities are omitted because they are similar or identical to those found elsewhere (Evans 2007; Evans et al. 2004). However, with reference to X. itombwensis, in (A and B) the red clades have over 95% posterior probability and the blue clade has over 80% posterior probability. (C) A species phylogeny illustrating bifurcating and reticulating evolutionary relationships in clawed frogs. The most recent common ancestor of X. wittei and X. itombwensis evolved through allopolyploidization of two tetraploid species. The number of chromosomes in each species is indicated in parentheses after each species name. (A) and (C) are modified from (Evans 2007).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.

FIGURE 3. Male advertisement vocalization of (A) X. wittei, (B) X. vestitus, and (C) X. itombwensis. The slow trill portion of the X. itombwensis call (beginning at about 400 milliseconds) is a unique feature within the "vestitus-wittei" group.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.

FIGURE 2. Type specimen and variation of X. itombwensis. (A) Holotype specimen MCZ A-138192 (field number BJE 0275), (B) Paratype MCZ A-138193 (field no. BJE 0276), and (C) a live unvouchered male individual. Arrows indicate dorsal spots that are not found in X. wittei. Scale bars are 5 mm. Photo credit for B: Jon Woodward.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of clawed frog (genus Xenopus) from the Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: implications for DNA barcodes and biodiversity conservation.

FIGURE 1. Distribution of selected Xenopus species with small geographic ranges. Numbered boxes indicate areas of interest. These include (1) the volcanic highlands of Cameroon (X. longipes, X. amieti), (2) lowland fynbos biome of South Africa (X. gilli), (3) the Albertine Rift highlands of the Eastern DRC, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi (X. vestitus, X. wittei, X. ruwenzoriensis), (4) the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia (X. largeni), and (5) the Itombwe Massif, South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (X. itombwensis). The right side indicates the location of the Itombwe Massif Conservation Landscape and the location of Miki, the type locality of X. itombwensis. (Image modified from the Wildlife Conservation Society.)

FIGURE 15 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 15. Petrocephalus phylogeny (17 species, 59 specimens, 53 haplotypes) estimated by maximum likelihood using complete cytochrome b sequences (dataset #1; see text). Gnathonemus petersii, Mormyrops nigricans and Myomyrus macrops were used as outgroups to root the tree. Numbers at internal branches are bootstrap proportions (in %) shown only when they exceed 50%. Due to space limitations, support values are not shown for intraspecific relationships. Black vertical bars to the right of the tree indicate specimens sampled from Odzala. White bars (with the river basins from which the specimens were collected) indicate Petrocephalus individuals from other regions of Africa. The scale bar corresponds to 0.04 substitutions per site.

FIGURE 9 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 9. Petrocephalus christyi of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each of two recorded individuals, and they were superimposed together. Both EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as an overlay centered on the largest positive peak (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 11. Petrocephalus pulsivertens n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 11. Petrocephalus pulsivertens n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88085; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 13. Petrocephalus mbossou n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 13. Petrocephalus mbossou n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Live photograph of the holotype (CU 92389; no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveform of the holotype. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from all recordings made of this individual. The selected EOD is shown here head-positive up (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 7 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 7. Petrocephalus microphthalmus of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 1 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 1. Map of Africa (right) showing the entire Congo River and its main tributaries together with the neighboring Lower Guinea province (first inset at center). The boundary between the Congo and Lower Guinea provinces is shown by a dashed line. Filled black circles indicate type localities for all Petrocephalus species that were described from either province and were considered valid just prior to the present study. Exact type localities are unknown for P. b a l a y i and P. sauvagii. Based on our understanding of the chronology of Central African exploration at the time of the descriptions, we estimate these type localities to be the following: the vicinity of Pool Malebo on the Lower Congo River near the modern cities of Brazzaville and Kinshasa [4.25° S, 15.29° E] for P. sauvagii; and the vicinity of the present-day city Lambaréné on the Lower Ogooué River [0.7° S, 10.22° E] for P. b a l a y i. Second inset at the far left: detailed map of Odzala National Park, located in the Congo River basin. Within the boundaries of the park, forest is shown in green and savannah in yellow. The red oval indicates our collection area (a segment of the Lékoli drainage system, including the lower parts of two of its tributaries, the Pandaka and Lékénie Rivers).

FIGURE 4. Petrocephalus zakoni n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 4. Petrocephalus zakoni n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88101; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 5. Petrocephalus valentini n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 5. Petrocephalus valentini n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88117; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 12 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 12. Petrocephalus grandoculis of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveform. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from the only individual of this species recorded in Odzala, an obvious male. The EOD is shown here head-positive up (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 14 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 14. Historical illustrations of Petrocephalus species described from Congo or Lower Guinea that occur in Odzala. The drawings were reproduced from the following sources: Petrocephalus binotatus from Pellegrin (1928); Petrocephalus balayi from Boulenger (1909–1916); Petrocephalus microphthalmus from Poll (1967); Petrocephalus christyi from Boulenger (1920); Petrocephalus sauvagii from Boulenger (1909–1916); and Petrocephalus grandoculis from Boulenger (1920).

FIGURE 10 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 10. Petrocephalus sauvagii of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 6 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 6. Petrocephalus balayi of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each of two recorded individuals, and they were superimposed together. Both EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as an overlay centered on the largest positive peak (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 3 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 3. Petrocephalus binotatus of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale: the photo has been maximally enlarged to better illustrate details of body shape, melanin patterning, etc.). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms displayed separately for obvious males and other individuals (see text). One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals, given separately for obvious males and all other individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 8. Petrocephalus odzalaensis n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 8. Petrocephalus odzalaensis n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88048; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).