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1,047 results for “Salamanders”
Figure 17 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 17. Vertebrae and appendicular skeleton of salamanders. A, anterior view of the atlas of Salamandra salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). B, C, lateral views of atlas and seventh trunk vertebra of Ambystoma opacum. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). Note separate articulating surfaces for articulation with double-headed ribs. D, cartilaginous sternum of Salamandra salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). E–K, appendicular elements of Hynobius nigrescens, specimen no. 22513 in the Herpetology Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. E, lateral and medial views of the fused scapula and coracoid; the dorsal, anterior, and ventral surfaces are extended in cartilage (coarse stippling). F, ventral view of left humerus. G, left lower forelimb in ventral view. H, I, pelvic girdle in ventral and left lateral view, with femur in place. J, right femur in ventral view. K, left lower hindlimb in dorsal view.
Figure 38 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 38. Comparative views of the braincase of the advanced modern caecilian Dermophis (A, B, C), the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia (D, E), and the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos (F). A, D, F, lateral views. B, anterior view of sphenethmoid. C, E, dorsal views of sphenethmoid. Reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press).
Figure 14 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 14. Musculature of the lower jaw and hyoid apparatus associated with feeding in terrestrial salamanders and frogs. A, ventral transverse throat musculature of Ambystoma tigrinum. B, hyobranchial apparatus and longitudinal throat and tongue musculature of Ambystoma tigrinum in ventral view. C–F, mandibular and hyoid musculature of Bufo marinus. C, superficial mandibular musculature, with medial raphe removed in upper right to expose deeper muscles. D, superficial (left) and deeper (right) hyoid musculature. E, tongue muscles. F, deep hyoid muscles (all in ventral view). A, B, reproduced from Larsen & Guthrie (1975). C, F, reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986).
Figure 16 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 16. Ventral view of Ambystoma tigrinum showing subvertebralis and retractor bulbi musculature. Reproduced from Larsen & Guthrie (1975).
Figure 13 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 13. Sequence of ossification of the bones of the skull of Ambystoma texanum. Reproduced from Bonebrake & Brandon (1971). A1, A2, dorsal and lateral views of stage II skull. B1, B2, B3, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of stage III. C1, C2, C3, stage V. D1, D2, D3, stage VII.
Figure 12 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 12. The mechanics of feeding and respiration in larval salamanders. A, B, diagrams of the bones and major muscles of the oropharyngeal region of Ambystoma mexicanum in lateral and ventral views. Reproduced from Lauder (1985). C, D, mechanical models in lateral view showing posteroventral expansion of the buccopharyngeal cavity during inspiration. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 55 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 55. Diagrammatic illustrations of the sequence of cranial ossification of the uppermost Carboniferous branchiosaurid Apateon caducus on the left and modern hynobiid salamanders on the right. A, uniform grey shading identifies the successive ossification of bones in larger skulls of Apateon. Specimens from the Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, and numbers in accordance with increasing size: 1310, 1387, 1442, 1779, 1249, 1335, 1601. The millimetre scale at the bottom applies to all but the largest skull. Palatal bones are omitted on the right side to emphasize progressive closing of the gap in the skull margin between the jaw suspensorium and the maxilla. Reproduced from Schoch & Carroll (2003). B–D, growth stages in hynobiid salamanders. Only the palatal and jaw elements are ossified in the smallest specimen. B–D, growth stages in hynobiid salamanders. B, dorsal and palatal views of the skull of an adult specimen of Batrachuperus sinensis (Natural History Museum, London, no. 94-9-15-15). C, late larval stage of Batrachuperus mustersi. Redrawn from Deban & Wake (2000). D, dorsal and palatal views of Ranodon sibiricus. Redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). Ossified bones are in black; surrounding areas are cartilaginous at this stage. Based on an animal 36 mm in length. Scale bars, 1 mm.
Figure 43 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 43. Jaw muscles of extant caecilians. A–F, the primitive genus Ichthyophis glutinosus. G, the caeciliid Dermophis. A, superficial view of all the major jaw muscles. B, diagrammatic view showing the major jaw-opening muscle, the depressor mandibulae, and the jaw-closing muscles, the very extensive interhyoideus posterior, and the much smaller adductor mandibulae complex. C, cutaway view of the adductor chamber, showing the extent of the adductor mandibulae externus and posterior. D, deeper view, showing the levator quadrati, adductor mandibulae internus (profundus), and the pterygoideus. E, dorsal view, showing the internus, externus, and posterior heads of the adductor mandibulae. F, posterior view of the adductor mandibulae complex. G, ventrolateral view of cranial, hyoid, and anterior trunk musculature of Dermophis. A, C–F, original drawings from specimens. B, reproduced from Nussbaum (1983). G, reproduced from Bemis et al. (1983).
Figure 40 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 40. Sequence of ossification of the skull bones of the advanced caecilian Dermophis. Reproduced from Wake (2003).
Figure 44 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 44. Hyoid musculature of Salamandra and caecilians. A, ventral view of the jaw musculature of Salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). B, ventral view of the jaw musculature of Hypogeophis rostratus. Reproduced from Lawson (1965). C, superficial view of the ventral musculature of Caecilia lumbricoides. D, ventral view of hyobranchial skeleton and associated muscles of Ichthyophis. C, D, reproduced from Edgeworth (1935).
Figure 34 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 34. Floor of the mouth of an Alytes larvae showing the various structures associated with the entrapment of tiny food particles. These are common to all suspensionfeeding tadpoles, except pipids. Modified from Sanderson & Kupferberg (1999).
Figure 18 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 18. Phylogeny of anuran families based on morphological and molecular characters. Reproduced from Pough et al. (2004). The characters of each node are indicated in the original.
Figure 52 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 52. Skeletal reconstructions of branchiosaurs. A, the micromelerpetontid Micromelerpeton credneri, with four rows of gill rakers, attached to thin bony plates. B, the branchiosaurid Apateon pedestris, with six rows of gill rakers. Reproduced from Boy (1971).
Figure 47. Chunerpeton tianyiensis, a in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 47. Chunerpeton tianyiensis, a cryptobranchid salamander from the Middle Jurassic of China. Reproduced from Gao & Shubin (2003). A, skeleton and drawing of the skull in dorsal view. B, skeleton and drawing of the skull in ventral view.
Figure 48. Salamandramorph larvae. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 48. Salamandramorph larvae. A, the oldest described urodele larva, an unnamed genus from the Middle Jurassic of China; skull in primarily dorsal view, trunk and tail in primarily lateral view. Reproduced from Gao & Shubin (2003). B, advanced larval stage of the derived branchiosaurid Apateon (Royal Ontario Museum, no. 44276) from the lowermost Permian locality of Odenheim, Germany, in primarily lateral view. Two external gills are extended dorsally from the trunk. The third gill is lower in position, and pressed against the side of the trunk; a very delicate impression of the caudal fin can be seen above the central portion of the tail. C, sketch of the Apateon larva, emphasizing the outline of the bones. Note that the neural and haemal arches appear prior to the centra, which are not ossified in this specimen.
Figure 24. Jurassic frogs. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 24. Jurassic frogs. A, lateral view of the Lower Jurassic frog Prosalirus bitis. B, diagram of the jumping musculature of anurans. A, B, reproduced from Jenkins & Shubin (1998). C, dorsal view of the Upper Jurassic anuran Nothobatrachus. Reproduced from Sanchiz (1998). Abbreviations specific to this figure: cocc iliac, coccygeo iliacus; cocc sacr, coccygeo-sacralis; long dors, longissimus dorsi.
Figure 32 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 32. Sequence of pumps in anurans. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999). Abbreviations unique to this figure: phc, pharyngeal cavity; gc, gill cavity.
Figure 51 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 51. Skeletons of juvenile lepospondyls. A, the microsaur Hyloplesion longicostatus. Reproduced from Carroll & Gaskill (1978). B, an unnamed adelogyrinid. Reproduced from Carroll (1989). C, the aïstopod Pseudophlegethontia turnulllorum. Reproduced from Anderson (2003). In contrast to the larvae of labyrinthodonts, lepospondyls ossify fully cylindrical centra at a very early stage in development, but show no evidence of external gills.
Figure 11 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 11. Hyobranchial apparatus of Palaeozoic amphibians. A, hyobranchial apparatus of the Permo-Carboniferous branchiosaurid Apateon. Reproduced from Boy & Sues (2000). B, the neotenic Upper Permian labyrinthodont Dvinosaurus. Reproduced from Bystrow (1938). C, the large, terrestrial Lower Permian microsaur Pantylus. Reproduced from Romer (1969). D, the Lower Permian lysorophid Brachydectes elongatus. E, the Lower Carboniferous adelogyrinid Adelogyrinus. D, E, reproduced from Andrews & Carroll (1991).
Figure 10. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 10. A, dorsal view of the hyobranchial apparatus in the Upper Devonian osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron. B, C, ventral views of hyobranchial apparatus of larval and adult Salamandra salamandra. D, ventral view of hyobranchial apparatus of larval Rana temporaria. E. Hyoid plate of adult Leiopelma hochstetteri. F, G, hyobranchial apparatus of larval and adult individuals of the primitive caecilian Epicrionops. A, reproduced from Jarvik (1954). B–E, reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). F, G, reproduced from Wake (1989). Coarse stippling is indicative of cartilage. It should be noted that the names of the more distal elements of the hyobranchial apparatus differ from those used by some modern authors (e.g. Deban & Wake, 2000), who refer to the hyobranchials and ceratobranchials as basibranchials and epibranchials. Reilly & Lauder (1988) discussed the homology of these elements and the historical reasons for the use by some authors of a unique terminology for salamanders.
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