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644 results for “Shrubs”
Leaf size variations in a dominant desert shrub, Reaumuria soongarica, adapted to heterogeneous environments
<p>The climate in arid Central Asia (ACA) has changed rapidly in recent decades, but the ecological consequences of this are far from clear. To predict the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning, greater attention should be given to the relationships between leaf functional traits and environmental heterogeneity. As a dominant constructive shrub widely distributed in ACA, <em>Reaumuria soongarica</em> provided us with an ideal model to understand how leaf functional traits of desert ecosystems responded to the heterogeneous environments of ACA. Here, to determine the influences of genetic and ecological factors, we characterized species-wide variations in leaf traits among 30 wild populations of <em>R. soongarica</em> and 16 populations grown in a common garden. We found that the leaf length, width, and leaf length to width ratio (L/W) of the northern lineage were significantly larger than those of other genetic lineages, and principal component analysis based on the <em>in situ</em> environmental factors distinguished the northern lineage from the other lineages studied. With increasing latitude, leaf length, width, and L/W in the wild populations increased significantly. Leaf length and L/W were negatively correlated with altitude, and first increased and then decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Stepwise regression analyses further indicated that leaf length variation was mainly affected by latitude. However, leaf width was uncorrelated with altitude, MAT or MAP. The common garden trial showed that leaf width variation among the eastern populations was caused by both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Our findings suggest that <em>R. soongarica</em> preferentially changes leaf length to adjust leaf size to cope with environmental change. We also reveal phenotypic evidence for ecological speciation of <em>R. soongarica</em>. These results will help us better understand and predict the consequences of climate change for desert ecosystem functioning.</p>
Trees out-forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
<p>Nitrogen (N), acquired by roots and mycorrhizal fungi and supplied to plant foliage, is a growth-limiting nutrient at the subarctic treeline. Due to this limitation, interspecific competition and acquisition of N is an important control on plant community composition and distribution. The ability of trees and shrubs to access N shapes community dynamics at this ecotone undergoing species range shifts and changes in primary productivity driven by climate change. Using <sup>15</sup>N soil labelling, we investigate the fate of soil inorganic N, and spatial distances over which trees and understorey shrubs access soil N, in a treeline forest. <sup>15</sup>N was injected into soil rooting zones, and foliar samples were collected from trees between 1 and 50 m away and understorey shrubs between 0.5 and 11 m away from labelled soil. The <sup>15</sup>N label was found in mountain birch trees up to 5 m and in understorey shrubs up to 2 m away from labelled soil. We estimate that 1.27% of pulse-derived N was found in foliage of birch trees, compared to 1.16% in the understorey. However, mountain birch trees contributed only 31% of ecosystem leaf area index (LAI), thus there was a disproportionate allocation of added label to the birch canopy compared with its contribution to ecosystem LAI. The difference in root and mycorrhizal exploration distances and community N partitioning between mountain birch trees and understorey shrubs may confer competitive advantage to trees, which may alter plant community structures within these forests. This is particularly important considering predicted climate-driven tree and tall shrub expansion in subarctic regions, with likely consequences for ecosystem N and carbon (C) cycling, as well as for community composition and biodiversity.</p>
Assembly and annotation of eleven Salix (shrub willow) genomes
<p>The shrub willows (<em>Salix</em> section <em>Vetrix</em>) are an emerging bioenergy crop in North America and Eurasia. However, genomics resources in this section are still quite limited, with only a few reference genomes available, despite many species in use in breeding programs. Here we present de novo assemblies and annotations of eleven shrub willow genomes from six species. Copy number variation of candidate sex determination genes within each genome was characterized and revealed remarkable differences in putative master regulator gene duplication and deletion. We also analyzed copy number and expression of candidate genes involved in floral secondary metabolism and identified substantial variation across genotypes, which can be used for parental selection in breeding programs. Lastly, we report on a genotype that produces only female descendants and identified gene presence/absence variation in the mitochondrial genome that may be responsible for this unusual inheritance.</p>
Functional stability of vegetation following biocontrol of an invasive riparian shrub
<p>Understanding plant community response to environmental change is a crucial aspect of biological conservation and restoration, but species-based approaches are limited in that they do not reveal the underlying mechanisms driving vegetation dynamics. An understanding of trait-environment relationships is particularly important in the case of invasive species which may alter abiotic conditions and available resources. This study is the first to measure the functional response of riparian plant communities to biocontrol of an invasive species. We focused on an invasive shrub <em>Tamarix</em> (saltcedar) that is defoliated by a beetle that was released by the US Department of Agriculture along the Upper Colorado River (southwestern United States). We calculated community weighted means and functional dispersion of individual traits, multivariate functional dispersion and species diversity. We used linear mixed effect models (LME) to compare these metrics at paired vegetation patches dominated and not dominated by <em>Tamarix</em> during cycles of defoliation and refoliation over eight years. We found that community-weighted average trait values, species diversity and functional dispersion changed little in response to defoliation, and instead seemed to be responding to fluctuations in yearly precipitation. Average height and seed weight were greater in <em>Tamarix</em>-dominated patches relative to control patches. Functional dispersion followed a similar trajectory to species diversity, but was a more sensitive indicator of plant community change. We showed that riparian vegetation can be resilient to <em>Tamarix</em> biocontrol, and that defoliation might not necessarily always lead to substantial changes in ecosystem function.</p>
Stakeholder perceptions of the impacts of shrub encroachment on rangeland ecosystem services
<p>While the impacts of shrub encroachment on the ecosystem processes have been well-documented, little is known about the extent to which socio-cultural values and perceptions might influence actions undertaken to manage shrub proliferation. Understanding stakeholder values is important because the ecosystem’s capacity to supply a given service or suite of services must be balanced against the value society places on them. Research to date has emphasized supply with little consideration of value, making it difficult to comprehensively or objectively evaluate trade-offs and set priorities, particularly when managing for one particular service or a suite of services may adversely affect another service or suite of services. To address this, we conducted a case study in southern Arizona and New Mexico (U.S.A.) to evaluate stakeholder perceptions of and preferences for various ecosystem services provided on semi-arid rangelands where shrub proliferation in grassland has impacted traditional livestock grazing. Perceptions of rangeland ecosystem services were elicited via a visually based landscape interpretation while preferences were quantified using best-worst scaling (BWS). Our findings suggest that stakeholders familiar with rangelands and their management generally perceive low shrub cover as providing a wider range of valued ecosystem services compared to rangelands with high shrub cover. Ecosystem service preferences in the context of shrub encroachment were generally uniform across all stakeholder groups (e.g. ranchers, state/federal governmental employees, non-governmental land managers, academicians, recreationists), with habitat for biodiversity and erosion control being identified as the most preferred. Our results suggest an opportunity for brush management to serve as a potential win-win management action if framed as a way to maintain or promote rangeland biodiversity and mitigate erosion.</p>
Data from: Phylogeography and classification of Dusty Miller (Spyridium parvifolium; Rhamnaceae): a morphologically variable shrub from south-east Australia
<p class="Paragraph"><em><span>Spyridium parvifolium</span></em><span> is a widespread and morphologically variable shrub from south-eastern Australia. Several varieties have been recognised and there is disagreement on the accepted taxonomy between Australian states. This study investigated the phylogeography of the species and assessed genetic distinctiveness of its morphological variants. Nuclear ribosomal DNA and complete chloroplast genomes from seventy-three samples of <em>S. parvifolium</em> and seven samples from closely related species were sequenced and analysed using</span> <span>both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic methods. The results showed incongruence in the placement of several associated taxa (<em>S. cinereum</em>, <em>S. obcordatum </em>and <em>S. daltonii</em>), plausibly due to long-branch attraction, introgression or incomplete lineage sorting. <em>Spyridium parvifolium</em> was resolved as paraphyletic in both phylogenies, with accessions from west of the Murray Darling Depression divergent from those east of the Depression. We found evidence of isolation within <em>S. parvifolium</em> on the inland side of the Great Dividing Range, and recent gene-flow across Bass Strait. The variants of <em>S. parvifolium</em> were not supported as genetically distinct and, with the prevalence of several variants at single sites and morphological intergrades between variants, we conclude that the taxon is a single, morphologically variable species and that no infraspecific classification is warranted.</span></p>
Data from: Climate overrides the influence of microsite conditions on radial growth of the tall multi-stemmed shrub Alnus alnobetula at treeline
<p><strong>Data are documented in the following article:</strong></p> <p>Oberhuber W., A-L. Dobler, T. Heinzle, F. Scandurra, A. Gruber, G. Wieser (2023) Climate overrides the influence of microsite conditions on radial growth of the tall multi-stemmed shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> at treeline. Plants 12, 1708. doi: 10.3390/plants12081708.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>Green alder (<em>Alnus alnobetula</em>), a tall multi-stemmed deciduous shrub characterized by shoots showing arched ascending growth, is widespread at high elevations in the European Central Alps. Its growth form frequently leads to asymmetric radial growth and anomalous growth ring patterns making development of representative ring width series needed for analyzing climate-growth relationships or site-specific growth rates and long-term growth trends quite a challenge. In order to assess the variability among radii of one shoot, among shoots belonging to one individual (=stock) and among individuals, 60 stem discs were sampled at treeline on Mt. Patscherkofel (Tyrol, Austria). Annual increments were measured along 188 radii and analyzed in terms of its variability by applying dendrochronological techniques. Results revealed a high agreement in ring width variation among radii of one shoot, among shoots of one individual and largely among individuals from different sites, which confirms the pronounced limitation of radial stem growth by climate forcing at the alpine treeline. In contrast to this, a high variability in absolute growth rates and long-term growth trends was found among shoots belonging to one individual and among individuals, which we attribute to different microsite conditions and disturbances. These factors also override climate control of radial growth under growth limiting environmental conditions, i.e., the agreement in inter-annual variations of radial growth is directly related to the growth rate. Based on these findings we provide recommendations for the number of samples needed to carry out inter- and intra-annual studies of radial growth in this tall multi-stemmed shrub.</p>
Phytosociology of the shrub-tree layer of semideciduous coastal forests in the Emerenças region, Costa do Sol State Park, Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – Dataset
<p>The field data were collected between June 1998 and December 2000, in five sets of five 10 x 20 m plots established on different slope aspects (total of 0.5 ha). We included in the sampling 1,193 live individuals of the shrub-tree layer (DBH ≥ 5 cm), and 50 dead individuals. Here we make available the raw data of live individuals, dead individuals, and useful information on the sites and sampling plots. The description of the area and the sampling, and the phytosociological analysis are available in: Kurtz BC, Sá CFC, Silva DO. 2009. Fitossociologia do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de florestas semidecíduas costeiras da região de Emerenças, Área de Proteção Ambiental do Pau Brasil, Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rodriguésia 60(1): 129-146 (<a href="https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/kRB96SGyTNL8Gw3FBJjJBdJ/?format=pdf&lang=pt">https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/kRB96SGyTNL8Gw3FBJjJBdJ/?format=pdf&lang=pt</a>).</p>
Root trait values of 11 trees and shrubs grown on mine tailings
<ol> <li>Root traits play significant roles in plant resource-use strategies, and are good predictors of plant growth and survival. However, their predicting role in phytoremediation remains poorly understood and we know much less about the functional covariation of root traits with soil heavy metal (HM) contamination.</li> <li>The objective of this study was to assess the importance of root traits to predict phytoremediation services and to quantify biomass cost (BC) for HM accumulation in eleven woody species grown on a Pb-Zn mine tailing of Southeastern China. Sixteen traits associated with root morphological and chemical features, as well as HM accumulation characteristics, were measured to examine whether there is a RES under HM stressors and whether the covariation among root traits was related to individual or multiple heavy metal translocation and bioconcentration.</li> <li>Our findings provide evidence for a multidimensional RES including one main trend of 'slow-fast' strategy, and a trend representing a trade-off between root system size and root tissue density, indicating root proliferation strategy in a metal-contaminated soil. Another trade-off between root cadmium concentration and root dry matter content implied the existence of a presumable biomass cost for HM accumulation, which was proved to be constrained by RES.</li> <li>Root traits were good predictors of individual or multiple HM translocation and bioconcentration, and linked with phytoremediation services: roots with more acquisitive traits promote HM translocation, whilst conservative roots fostered bioconcentration.</li> <li>This study demonstrates that woody species grown on HM-contaminated soils exhibit different capacities for accumulating or translocating HMs depending on their root system shapes, and their position on the RES. Our results highlighted the importance of root size-related traits in the framework of RES when plants face unfavorable soil conditions and narrow the gap in trait-based ecology. We, for the first time, define and quantify the biomass cost for HM accumulation, providing a better understanding of the resource-allocation theory.</li> </ol>
Genetic differentiation and evolution of broad-leaved evergreen shrub and tree varieties of Daphniphyllum macropodum (Daphniphyllaceae)
<p><span>Tree form evolution is an important ecological specialization for woody species, but its evolutionary process with adaptation is poorly understood, especially on the microevolutionary scale. <em>Daphniphyllum macropodum</em> comprises two varieties: a tree variety growing in a warm temperate climate with light snowfall and a shrub variety growing in a cool temperate climate with heavy snowfall of Japan. Chloroplast DNA variations and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms across <em>D. macropodum</em> populations and <em>D. teijsmannii</em> as an outgroup were used to reveal evolutionary process of the shrub variety. Population genetic analysis indicated that the two varieties diverged but were weakly differentiated. Approximate Bayesian computation analysis supported a scenario, which assumed migration between the tree variety and the southern populations of the shrub variety. We found migration between the two varieties where the distributions of the two varieties are in contact, it is concordant with higher tree height in the southern populations of the shrub variety than the northern populations. The genetic divergence between the two varieties was associated with snowfall. The heavy snowfall climate is considered to have developed since the middle Quaternary in this region. The estimated divergence time between the two varieties suggests that the evolution of the two varieties may be concordant with such paleoclimatic change.</span></p>
Depth-dependent effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees
<p>Plant mycorrhizal associations influence the accumulation and persistence of soil organic matter and could therefore shape ecosystem biogeochemical responses to global changes that are altering forest composition. For instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance is increasing in temperate forests, and ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs can respond positively to canopy disturbances. Yet how shifts in the co-occurrence of trees and shrubs with different mycorrhizal associations will affect soil organic matter pools remains largely unknown. We examine the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and indicators of microbial activity at different depths across gradients of AM versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree dominance in three temperate forest sites. We find that ErM shrubs strongly modulate tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. In surface soils, ErM shrubs increase particulate organic matter accumulation and weaken the positive relationship between soil organic matter stocks and indicators of microbial activity. These effects are strongest under AM trees that lack fungal symbionts that can degrade organic matter. In subsurface soil organic matter pools, by contrast, tree mycorrhizal dominance effects are stronger than those of ErM shrubs. Ectomycorrhizal tree dominance has a negative influence on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools, and these effects are stronger for nitrogen than for carbon stocks. Our findings suggest that increasing co-occurrence of ErM shrubs and AM trees will enhance particulate organic matter accumulation in surface soils by suppressing microbial activity while having little influence on mineral-associated organic matter in subsurface soils. Our study highlights the importance of considering interactions between co-occurring plant mycorrhizal types, as well as their depth-dependent effects, for projecting changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in response to compositional shifts in temperate forests driven by disturbances and global change.</p>
Nucleation sites and forest recovery under high shrub competition
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Obligate resprouting, obligate seeding, and facultative seeding shrub species in California’s Mediterranean-type climate region
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Data from: Fruit size determines the role of three scatter-hoarding rodents as dispersers or seed predators of a fleshy-fruited Atacama Desert shrub
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Ericaceous dwarf shrubs contribute a significant but drought-sensitive fraction of soil respiration in a boreal pine forest
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Data for: Molecular footprints of Quaternary climate fluctuations in the circumpolar tundra shrub dwarf birch
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Data from: Does warming by open-top chambers induce change in the root-associated fungal community of the arctic dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona (Ericaceae)?
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Depth-dependent effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees
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Data from: Phylogeography and classification of Dusty Miller (Spyridium parvifolium; Rhamnaceae): a morphologically variable shrub from south-east Australia
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Assembly and annotation of eleven Salix (shrub willow) genomes
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